Rainbow: Kronos Quartet with Alim and Fargana Qasimov and Homayun Sakhi. 2010. Music of Central Asia, 8. Smithsonian Folkways Recordings SFW CD 40527. Recording engineers: Joel Gordon and Scott Fraser. Annotated by Theodore Levin. 44-page booklet with foldout; notes in English. Translations of Azerbaijani song lyrics by Aida Huseynova and Anna Oldfield. c. 70 colour photographs, 1 map. 4-item discography,

Clinical trial of step-up exercise therapy using DVD for patients with hip osteoarthritis

The concept of optical data storage is based on the use of a laser beam that is focused onto a recording material to produce a spot where physical or chemical properties of the material are changed. The first generation of the optical data storage devices is the two-dimensional (2-D) devices such as compact disks (CDs) and single layer digital video disc (DVDs) with a 2-D storage density of up to 0.8 Gbits/cm2 for a visible laser beam. The idea of using the third spatial dimension has led to the generation of multi-layered DVDs with capacity of up to 100 Gigabytes per disk

We have developed an optical pick-up with a liquid crystal shutter that can read both digital video discs (DVDs) and compact discs (CDs). An objective lens which is designed for reading DVDs with a numerical aperture ( NA ) of 0.6 is used in this optical pick-up. The pick-up can be used to read CDs by changing the diameter of the laser beam which enters the objective lens, using the liquid crystal shutter. The wavelength of the laser diode is 635 nm. When a CD is read, the NA of the objective lens is 0.35. For focus error detection when reading CDs, an astigma method was used, and for tracking error detection, a 3-beam method was used. We have confirmed that both DVDs and CDs can be successfully read by changing the NA of the objective lens according to the thickness of the disc substrate.

As the computer industry grows, so will the requirements for data storage. Magnetic memory has been the most stable method in terms of capacity and recording/reading speed. However, we have reached the point where a substantial increase in the capacity cannot be produced without increasing the size of the system. When compact discs (CDs) were introduced in the 1980s they revolutionized the concept of data storage. Since their inception, the capacity requirements have far exceeded what is available on a compact disc, and they are now following the same path as magnetic memories. Following this trend, it could be assumed that digital versatile discs or digital video discs (DVDs) have a limited lifetime as a storage medium. In fact it has been noted that the maximum capacity of DVDs will be reached in 3-5 years. The question then is what comes next. This chapter aims to illustrate the technology involved in current optical storage methods as well as to introduce several new concepts of optical storage. It is envisaged that a storage system based on either solid immersion lens, holography or three-dimensional bit recording could be the way of the future.

The use of the USB storage device, also known as the USB drive, a thumb drive, a keychain drive and a flash drive has, for the most part, replaced the floppy disk and to some extent the Compact Disk (CD), the DVD (Digital Video Disk or Digital Versatile Disk) and the external hard disk. Their robustness, size and weight make them easy to transport, but also to lose or misplace. They are inexpensive and are often given away as promotional items by organisations. Over the last few years there has been a dramatic increase in the storage capacity of these devices, going from a few tens of megabytes to a current capacity of around 64 gigabytes (equal to around 13 DVDs). The larger capacity and continued low cost has vastly increased the potential uses of the devices and also the volumes and types of data that they may contain. There have been four annual studies carried out by the same research group to look at the level of data remaining on second hand computer hard disks and one study looking at data remaining on hand held mobile devices such as mobile (cell) phones and RIM Blackberry devices. With the increasingly common use of the USB Storage device as a means of transferring and transporting data, coupled with the increasing storage capacity and decreasing cost, it was felt that the research should be extended to include the examination of USB storage devices to determine the level of threat they may pose. The purpose of the research has been to gain an understanding of the information that remains on the USB storage devices and to determine the level of damage that could, potentially, be caused if that information fell into the wrong hands. The study examined USB storage devices that had been obtained in the UK to determine whether the way that the disposal of USB storage devices is addressed achieved the desired result, to determine the level of information remaining on the devices and the level of risk that this may create. The study was conducted by the British Telecommunications (BT) in the UK, Khalifa University of Science, Technology and research (KUTAR) in the UAE and Edith Cowan University in Australia. The basis of the research was to acquire a number of second hand USB storage devices from a range of sources and to determine whether they still contained information or whether it had been effectively erased. If they still contained information, the research looked to see if it was in a sufficient volume and of enough sensitivity to the original owner to be of value to anyone with malicious intent that had obtained it, whether a competitor or a criminal. The results of the research were that in most cases, the USB storage devices contained a significant volume of information. As with the findings of the second hand disk studies, where the USB storage devices had originally been owned by organisations, they had failed to meet their statutory, regulatory or legal obligations.

BackgroundTo provide standardised information about the contraceptive implant (Nexplanon®), a digital video disc (DVD) was developed for use within a sexual and reproductive health (SRH) service in Edinburgh. The aim...

Mothers of children undergoing surgery for congenital heart disease experience significant stress. Therefore, finding a strategy to decrease this is vital. To examine whether adding educational digital video discs to routine education can reduce maternal anxiety and depression when their children undergo heart surgery and when surgical or post-surgical complications occur. In a teaching hospital, 120 mothers whose children underwent elective heart surgery were randomly and equally divided into two groups: mothers receiving routine education plus a digital video disc before surgery and mothers receiving only routine education. Mothers' anxiety and depression levels were compared before education, after education (before surgery), and on discharge day. The effect of watching the digital video disc on maternal anxiety and depression on discharge day was evaluated for the participants whose children had surgical or post-surgical complications. Compared with only routine education, mothers' anxiety after education and on the discharge day decreased more if digital video disc was added. Depression decreased more after education, but no difference was found on the discharge day. Anxiety levels of mothers whose children had surgical or post-surgical complications on the discharge day decreased more if they watched the digital video disc, compared with those receiving only routine education (Beck anxiety inventory score 3.4 ± 1.9 and 6.1 ± 2.4 respectively; p-value .001). Compared with only routine education, adding digital video disc could decrease mothers' anxiety, and until the day of discharge. Compared with only routine education, adding digital video disc could decrease mothers' anxiety on the discharge day if their child had surgical or post-surgical complications. Adding educational digital video disc to routine education could decrease mothers' anxiety until the day of discharge. It could also decrease mothers' anxiety if their child had surgical or post-surgical complications.

BackgroundPrevalence of developmental hip dysplasia is high in Japan. Exercise therapy has been proven effective to treat certain aspects of hip osteoarthritis. Moreover, therapy provided via digital video discs (DVDs) and websites allows patients to exercise in the comfort of their own homes. However, no studies have evaluated the effectiveness of visual instructions in patients with hip disorders.ObjectiveThis study aimed to compare the effectiveness of exercise therapy administered via DVD and that administered via a website.MethodsWe developed a six-step progressive exercise therapy program for patients with hip osteoarthritis, which included three kinds each of open kinetic chain and closed kinetic chain exercises. Once the program was developed, exercise DVDs were produced. In addition to the six-step exercise program, our website was enabled to count the number of exercises performed by each patient and was accessible via the Internet at any time. Patients with hip osteoarthritis for whom surgery was not advised were enrolled by one university hospital in the Kansai area in Japan. Clinical symptoms and hip function were quantified using the Japanese Orthopedic Association Hip Disease Evaluation Questionnaire (JHEQ) and the Oxford Hip Score (OHS). Quality of life was measured using the SF-8 Health Survey, and self-efficacy for continued exercise was measured using the General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSES). Questionnaires were completed preintervention and after 6 months.ResultsAt 6-month follow-up, 10 DVD users (1 male, 9 female; mean age 51.3, SD 16.1 years) and 18 website users (2 male, 16 female; mean age 52.4, SD 10.4 years) were reachable. The change in each parameter could not be confirmed a significant improvement. However, most items tended to reflect overall improvement during the 6 months of intervention (P=.05-.94; paired t test). Regarding effect size, we considered a small effect to be greater than 0.2. Little effect was observed for JHEQ pain, SF-8 physical component summary (PCS), and SF-8 mental component summary in the DVD group, as well as OHS, SF-8 (PCS), and GSES in the website group.ConclusionsWhen comparing the effectiveness of exercise therapy between our DVD and website, we found that although both groups tended to improve in physical function, only the website group showed tendency of enhanced self-efficacy.

Simple and highly sensitive SERS substrates were produced using Au nanoparticles (AuNPs) prepared by laser ablation in water and available Digital Video Discs (DVDs). We used the simple “drop-cast’’ method to deposit AuNPs on the grating pattern surface of a DVD in place of the other methods such as electrochemical deposition, electrophoretic deposition and sputtering method which require some more equipment. AuNPs were proposed to be synthesized in water by laser ablation to form a nearly circular AuNP stain of small size on a DVD surface. The protecting polycarbonate layer of a DVD was removed from the DVD surface. The bare metallic DVD surface was rinsed carefully with ethanol and distilled water. The width of tracks on a DVD surface is around 300 nm and distance between them is around 450 nm. We prepared AuNPs by pulsed laser ablation of a gold piece in distilled water. The colloidal gold nanoparticles were deposited on DVD templates. We studied to produce an effective layer of AuNPs on DVD template for SERS substrates (AuNPs/DVD). The average SERS enhancement factor of the AuNPs/DVD SERS substrates is about 106. The SERS substrates can detect SERS spectra of Malachite Green and Amoxicillin at low concentrations of around 0.1–1 ppm.

<div>AbstractBackground:<p>Lower cervical cancer screening rates are associated with higher cervical cancer mortality among women living in rural compared with urban areas (defined by rural–urban community codes). The study purpose was to examine the effectiveness of a mailed digital video disc (DVD) versus DVD plus patient navigation (PN) versus usual care (UC) on increasing the percentage of rural women up to date (UTD) with cervical cancer screening guidelines.</p>Methods:<p>Rural women (ages 50–74 years) who were not UTD for cervical cancer screening (<i>n</i> = 553) were consented and randomized 2:2:1 (DVD, DVD + PN, and UC, respectively). Baseline and 12-month surveys included sociodemographic characteristics, history of previous cervical cancer screening, and cervical cancer screening knowledge and beliefs. Screening status was assessed by medical record review at baseline and 12 months after randomization.</p>Results:<p>The mean age of participants was 59.8 years. After controlling for covariates, women randomized to the DVD + PN group had greater odds [OR = 5.01; 95% confidence interval (CI), 2.38–11.50] of being UTD with cervical cancer screening compared with UC at 12 months after randomization. Other significant covariates in the model included having a college versus high school or lower education (OR = 2.36; 95% CI, 1.08–5.63), private (OR = 4.16; 95% CI, 1.28–19.1) or no insurance (OR = 8.74; 95% CI, 1.77–51.9) versus public insurance, normal (OR = 3.25; 95% CI, 1.46–7.24) or overweight (OR = 2.15; 95% CI, 1.05–4.42) versus obese body mass index, and positive screening intention in the next six months (OR = 2.59; 95% CI, 1.48–4.52).</p>Conclusions:<p>A DVD + PN intervention increased the percentage of rural women UTD with cervical cancer screening compared with UC or DVD only.</p>Impact:<p>Women who have a high school or lower education, were on public insurance, obese, and not planning to be screened need increased attention to become UTD with cervical cancer screening.</p></div>

Process evaluation is essential to understanding and interpreting the results of randomized trials testing the effects of behavioral interventions. A process evaluation was conducted as part of a comparative effectiveness trial testing a mailed, tailored interactive digital video disc (DVD) with and without telephone-based patient navigation (PN) to promote breast, cervical and colorectal cancer screening among rural women who were not up-to-date (UTD) for at least one screening test. Data on receipt, uptake, and satisfaction with the interventions were collected via telephone interviews from 542 participants who received the tailored interactive DVD (n = 266) or the DVD plus telephone-based PN (n = 276). All participants reported receiving the DVD and 93.0% viewed it. The most viewed sections of the DVD were about colorectal, followed by breast, then cervical cancer screening. Most participants agreed the DVD was easy to understand, helpful, provided trustworthy information, and gave information needed to make a decision about screening. Most women in the DVD+PN group, 98.2% (n = 268), reported talking with the navigator. The most frequently discussed cancer screenings were colorectal (86.8%) and breast (71.3%); 57.5% discussed cervical cancer screening. The average combined length of PN encounters was 22.2 minutes with 21.7 additional minutes spent on coordinating activities. Barriers were similar across screening tests with the common ones related to the provider/health care system, lack of knowledge, forgetfulness/too much bother, and personal issues. This evaluation provided information about the implementation and delivery of behavioral interventions as well as challenges encountered that may impact trial results.

Lower cervical cancer screening rates are associated with higher cervical cancer mortality among women living in rural compared with urban areas (defined by rural-urban community codes). The study purpose was to examine the effectiveness of a mailed digital video disc (DVD) versus DVD plus patient navigation (PN) versus usual care (UC) on increasing the percentage of rural women up to date (UTD) with cervical cancer screening guidelines. Rural women (ages 50-74 years) who were not UTD for cervical cancer screening (n = 553) were consented and randomized 2:2:1 (DVD, DVD + PN, and UC, respectively). Baseline and 12-month surveys included sociodemographic characteristics, history of previous cervical cancer screening, and cervical cancer screening knowledge and beliefs. Screening status was assessed by medical record review at baseline and 12 months after randomization. The mean age of participants was 59.8 years. After controlling for covariates, women randomized to the DVD + PN group had greater odds [OR = 5.01; 95% confidence interval (CI), 2.38-11.50] of being UTD with cervical cancer screening compared with UC at 12 months after randomization. Other significant covariates in the model included having a college versus high school or lower education (OR = 2.36; 95% CI, 1.08-5.63), private (OR = 4.16; 95% CI, 1.28-19.1) or no insurance (OR = 8.74; 95% CI, 1.77-51.9) versus public insurance, normal (OR = 3.25; 95% CI, 1.46-7.24) or overweight (OR = 2.15; 95% CI, 1.05-4.42) versus obese body mass index, and positive screening intention in the next six months (OR = 2.59; 95% CI, 1.48-4.52). A DVD + PN intervention increased the percentage of rural women UTD with cervical cancer screening compared with UC or DVD only. Women who have a high school or lower education, were on public insurance, obese, and not planning to be screened need increased attention to become UTD with cervical cancer screening.

Chapter 1 - Introduction

Disk drives require high-precision spindle motors for fast and accurate access of data. This paper presents a new two-phase spindle motor for digital video disks (DVDs) and compact disks (CDs). The brushless spindle motor has a pancake-type construction, which has distinct advantages and costs less to manufacture because of the simplicity of the stator structure and the windings. The constraint between the detent torque and the starting torque in the single-phase pancake-type motor design is resolved by using the two-phase scheme. A prototype of the two-phase spindle motor and drive circuit has been made and tested in commercial DVD and CD-ROM drives. Experimental results show that its performance satisfies the requirements of the optical disk drives.

Surround sound has been widely utilized in cinemas for decades, but wide adoption of home cinema surround was only enabled recently by the digital video disc (DVD). While a compact disc (CD) stores its stereo audio content uncompressed as 16-bit PCM at a sampling rate of 44.1 kHz, the DVD stores its six multichannel surround channels (five main audio channels plus a low-frequency effects channel) compressed with the perceptual audio coder AC-3 from Dolby Laboratories. The multichannel surround signal would require too much storage space on the DVD and thus it is compressed. The most prominent perceptual audio coder is MP3 (MPEG-1 Layer 3). Being a relatively old audio coder it only supports up to two audio channels. Many perceptual audio coders can also code multichannel surround signals and achieve roughly a compression ratio of 10. Spatial audio coding is motivated by the need to code multichannel audio at lower bitrates. It enables coding of multichannel audio at bitrates comparable with mono or two-channel stereo bitrates. Thus, spatial audio coding can enable multichannel surround for applications where the bitrate is constrained to a mono or stereo bitrate. Further, spatial audio coding can be compatible with mono or stereo, facilitating upgrading of existing mono and stereo services to multichannel surround. This chapter is organized as follows. Section 22.2 discusses multichannel surround and its benefits compared with the widely used stereo system. In Sect. 22.3, spatial audio coding is discussed and motivated in the context of conventional perceptual audio coding and matrix surround. In order to explain and motivate spatial audio coding, basic spatial hearing knowledge is presented in Sect. 22.4. The application of these principles to audio coding and spatial audio coding is explained in