Abstract
Refining is a powerful technology to guarantee a high food grade quality of the refined oils and fats. This overview of many of the safety challenges related to different contaminant residues, the refining processes have to and actually do respond to, focuses for each contaminant (pesticides, polycyclic hydrocarbons, other compounds as extraction solvent, metallic element traces, aflatoxins, dioxins and polychlorobiphenyls, and new appearing contaminants like phthalates and 3-monochloropropanediol esters) on their nature, origin, occurrence and regulatory status before describing the required conditions of their elimination by chemical and “physical” refining with the mention of the most efficient refining step as known from the GMP or identified from original experimental works. Identifying the physicochemical characteristics (hydro-solubility, lipophilic property, molecular weight and vapour pressure) indicative of a potential contaminant behaviour during refining is an interesting preliminary orientation tool. The quality target for refined oils and fats include on one hand the control and optimisation of organoleptic and nutritional characteristics as well as stability during further storage, and on the other hand, the elimination of contaminants avoiding or controlling the formation of new undesirable compounds. For each contaminant to be eliminated, the technological issues have to be found at the crossroads of these demands.
Highlights
Le raffinage a pour but de maintenir ou d’améliorer les caractères organoleptiques, nutritionnels et la stabilité des corps gras
Le raffinage chimique élimine les acides gras libres par une étape de neutralisation à la soude ; la distillation neutralisante élimine ces composés indésirables par distillation sous vide poussé avec injection de vapeur
Les résultats des enquêtes de surveillance rappelés plus haut démontrent la nécessité des opérations de raffinage pour éliminer les résidus présents dans les huiles brutes
Summary
Les pesticides (aussi appelés produits phytopharmaceutiques ou phytosanitaires) sont des substances chimiques, naturelles ou de synthèse, utilisées en agriculture pour contrôler les différentes sortes de nuisibles (animaux, végétaux, micro-organismes) et ainsi augmenter le rendement des principales cultures.
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