Radioprotection against the Formation of DNA Double-Strand Breaks in Cellular DNA but Not Native Cellular Chromatin by the Polyamine Spermine

Abstract

The complexing of histones with DNA and the resulting condensation of chromatin protect mammalian cell DNA from radiation-induced strand breakage. In recent studies of SV40 DNA and minichromosomes, marked radioprotection was afforded by spermine through polyamine-induced compaction and aggregation (Newton et al., Radiat. Res. 145, 776-780, 1996). To evaluate the contribution of polyamines to the radioprotection of cellular chromatin, intact V79 cells, nuclei (native chromatin) and chromatin that was partially or completely stripped of histones were treated with spermine or putrescine and gamma-irradiated while embedded in agarose plugs, and induction of double-strand breaks was determined by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. In the absence of added spermine, the order of radiosensitivity was: dehistonized chromatin (DNA loops anchored to the nuclear matrix) > chromatin depleted of histone H1 > chromatin partially depleted of histone H1 > native chromatin > intact cells. Spermine at concentrations below 1 mM was without effect on strand breakage in any of the preparations, except for limited radioprotection of H1-depleted chromatin. Increasing radioprotection with increasing concentration (1-10 mM) was provided to dehistonized chromatin by spermine but not by putrescine, a polyamine that does not compact DNA or chromatin. Significant radioprotection by spermine was also found for H1-depleted relaxed chromatin at concentrations > or = 1 mM. In contrast, no radioprotection by spermine (up to 10 mM) was observed for any of the chromatin preparations containing all histones. These observations support the hypothesis proposed by Newton et al. that spermine protects DNA against radiation damage via polyamine-induced compaction and aggregation. With removal of histone H1, the exposed chromatin develops the ability to be protected by spermine. However, the absence of radioprotection of native chromatin by spermine is consistent with a role for histones as the major radioprotectors of cellular DNA and the differential radiosensitivity of decondensed compared to condensed cellular chromatin resulting from the effects of factors other than polyamines.