Radiological Imaging of Hemangiomas and Related Vascular Tumors

Abstract

This chapter describes and richly illustrates imaging features of infantile and congenital hemangiomas as well as less common pediatric vascular tumors. Malformative associations with infantile hemangioma are included: PHACE and LUMBAR (spinal dysraphism and other ventral-caudal anomalies). Details are given for the wide variety of intracranial and cardiovascular anomalies associated with facial hemangioma, including cerebrovascular occlusions leading to moyamoya phenomenon and cerebral infarction, dural AVM, and intracranial hemangioma with dural sinus occlusion. There are examples of hemangiomas of the neuraxis as well as a possible association between infantile hemangioma and AVM. Infantile and congenital hepatic hemangiomas are presented in detail, with multiple figures demonstrating their variations in angioarchitecture as well as imaging features during regression. Other pediatric vascular tumors are included: kaposiform hemangioendothelioma and kaposiform lymphangiomatosis, intramuscular hemangioma (“capillary type”), PTEN hamartoma, epithelioid hemangioendothelioma, hepatic adenoma, angiosarcoma, infantile fibrosarcoma and myoblastoma. Most of the 48 figures have multiple components depicting a variety of imaging modalities, including color Doppler ultrasonography, MRI, MRA, CTA and digital subtraction angiography.The chapter also includes a section on antenatal detection of vascular tumors, including chorangioma, with beautiful antenatal sonograms and magnetic resonance images.