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Abstract
A description of the physics of radar meteors from 1945 to the mid-1970s is presented. Concrete designs of various radars in different countries are presented. Harvard project is the best documented of these early radars, and we will focus on that radar. Application of multi-receiver stations for orbit determination became relatively common, especially with the advent of the IGY in 1957. Canada also built the Springhill Observatory around the time of the IGY, but of special note was the construction of several meteor radars in the USSR. The contribution of Kashcheyev and his scientific group to the development of radar meteor technologies was emphasized. A discussion of some equipment options of Balakleya geophysical complex in different years was held. Problems of meteor radar technologies in solving problems of astronomy and geophysics are noted. Meteor became a mainstay of upper atmospheric research into dynamical processes after 1960's. Such research was undertaken at multiple sites all over the Western global arena as well as in the USSR. In attention is paid to the history of changes in the methods of obtaining, processing and storage of meteor information. Some aspects of the application of innovative technologies in meteor radar systems were discussed, primarily in the study of winds and atmospheric circulation in the meteor zone. The advent of personal computers, plus the somewhat simultaneous development of digitizers in the early 1970's, was a major breakthrough for many areas of scientific research and studies. This work is the first part of a planned review of radar meteor physics and related technologies from 1945 to 2020.
Highlights
The very first attempts to measure meteors with radar were undertaken by [1] in 1932, but a more committed approach to radar meteor physics began largely as a result of World War II
Experimental and theoretical meteor radar studies of Kharkiv scientists under the direction of Kashcheyev 1954 – the mid-1970's were reflected in numerous publications, e.g. [32 – 40], among which we note the report of Kashcheyev at a meeting of the special committee for conducting IGY 1957 in Moscow at the Xth GA IAU, as well as the monographs [31, 36].The monographs examined the physical theory of meteors, methods for recording meteor tracks during radio observations, issues of scattering of radio waves on ionized meteor tracks, experiment and results of measuring the number of meteors, equipment, methods and results of determining velocities and radiant individual meteors, methods, equipment, and results of studies of atmospheric circulation using the radio meteor method
Forward scattering of radio waves has always been an area of pragmatic interest, since it can be used for communication
Summary
The very first attempts to measure meteors with radar were undertaken by [1] in 1932, but a more committed approach to radar meteor physics began largely as a result of World War II. Towards the end of the war, radar was used in the United Kingdom to detect incoming enemy aircraft, but detection was often confused by additional targets of initially unknown origin. Studies revealed that these targets were atmospheric meteors. The introduction of the International Geophysical Year in 1957 was a great success, and in the USSR, scientists from that bloc turned their hand to meteor studies. Work developed in Canada [8], who was able to show that meteors were mainly particles that originally orbited the Sun, rather than being particles of interstellar origin
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