Radical ions with nearly degenerate ground state: Correlation between the rate of spin-lattice relaxation and the structure of adiabatic potential energy surface

Abstract

Paramagnetic spin-lattice relaxation (SLR) in radical cations (RCs) of the cycloalkane series in liquid solution was studied and analyzed from the point of view of the correlation between the relaxation rate and the structure of the adiabatic potential energy surface (PES) of the RCs. SLR rates in the RCs formed in x-ray irradiated n-hexane solutions of the cycloalkanes studied were measured with the method of time-resolved magnetic field effect in the recombination fluorescence of spin-correlated radical ion pairs. Temperature and, for some cycloalkanes, magnetic field dependences of the relaxation rate were determined. It was found that the conventional Redfield theory of the paramagnetic relaxation as applied to the results on cyclohexane RC, gave a value of about 0.2 ps for the correlation time of the perturbation together with an unrealistically high value of 0.1 T in field units for the matrix element of the relaxation transition. The PES structure was obtained with the DFT quantum-chemical calculations. It was found that for all of the cycloalkanes RCs considered, including low symmetric alkyl-substituted ones, the adiabatic PESes were surfaces of pseudorotation due to avoided crossing. In the RCs studied, a correlation between the SLR rate and the calculated barrier height to the pseudorotation was revealed. For RCs with a higher relaxation rate, the apparent activation energies for the SLR were similar to the calculated heights of the barrier. To rationalize the data obtained it was assumed that the vibronic states degeneracy, which is specific for Jahn-Teller active cyclohexane RC, was approximately kept in the RCs of substituted cycloalkanes for the vibronic states with the energies above and close to the barrier height to the pseudorotation. It was proposed that the effective spin-lattice relaxation in a radical with nearly degenerate low-lying vibronic states originated from stochastic crossings of the vibronic levels that occur due to fluctuations of the interaction between the radical and the solvent. The magnitude of these fluctuations, ~100 cm(-1), determines the upper scale of the unperturbed splitting between the vibronic states, for which the manifestation of this paramagnetic relaxation mechanism could be expected. Our estimate for the relaxation rate derived using standard Landau-Zener model of nonadiabatic transitions at the level crossing agrees with the experimental data. This paramagnetic relaxation mechanism can also be operative in paramagnetic species of other types such as linear radicals, radicals with threefold degeneracy, paramagnetic centers in crystals, etc. It looks likely that the proposed SLR mechanism can be quenched by a fast vibrational relaxation in radicals.