Abstract
Helium (He) bubbles are typical radiation defects in structural materials in nuclear reactors after high dose energetic particle irradiation. In the past decades, extensive studies have been conducted to explore the dynamic evolution of He bubbles under various conditions and to investigate He-induced hardening and embrittlement. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the behavior of He bubbles in metals; overview the mechanisms of He bubble nucleation, growth, and coarsening; introduce the latest methods of He control by using interfaces in nanocrystalline metals and metallic multilayers; analyze the effects of He bubbles on strength and ductility of metals; and point out some remaining questions related to He bubbles that are crucial for design of advanced radiation-tolerant materials.
Highlights
It has been well demonstrated that even extremely low overall He concentration can lead to He embrittlement via formation of He bubbles along grain boundaries (GBs) [18,19]
We briefly summarize previous studies on He bubbles in metals
Limited spatial resolution and temporary resolution of various instruments hinder the direct real-time atomic-scale observation of bubble formation, which prevents unveiling the mechanisms underlying bubble nucleation, growth and coarsening. Studies on this issue using computer simulation methods [25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38] have been conducted in past decades
Summary
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