Abstract
Background: We have developed a new approach to map localized inclusions of gold nanoparticles in the Intralipid-1% liquid phantom. Our goal was to show that combined spectroscopic and angular snapshots of liquid phantoms and phantoms with inclusions allow obtaining information relevant for prostate cancer diagnostics and treatment. Methods: A combination of the point radiance spectroscopy and white light spectroscopy was used to measure angular resolved light distribution in 450-900 nm spectral range in Intralipid-1% liquid phantoms with and without localized inclusions of gold nanoparticles. Results: Characteristic spectro-angular snapshots of the liquid phantom alone and with the localized inclusion of gold nanoparticles were obtained. For liquid phantoms without inclusions, the snapshots demonstrate wavelength dependent light distribution inside the turbid medium, visualize the transparency window and provide a quantification of angular spread of different wavelengths of light. For liquid phantoms with gold inclusions, the approach allows to isolate the spectroscopic signatures of the inclusions from the background, identify locations of the inclusions in the angular domain and quantify the detection limits in terms of the contrast value attainable for the selected quantity of gold nanoparticles located at the specific depth in tissue. A detection of 3x10 13 particles up to 25 mm deep in Intralipid-1% was demonstrated. Conclusions: The encouraging results indicate a promising potential of radiance spectroscopy in prostate treatment and diagnostics with gold nanoparticles.
Highlights
Nanotechnology utilizes nanoscale-size materials that offer new attractive properties and is positioned to revolutionize cancer medicine [1]
The use of gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) in particular, has advanced along four major fronts: 1) interstitial nanoparticle-mediated laser thermal therapy [2], 2) cancer diagnostics via delineation of cancer affected areas with NPs conjugated to monoclonal antibodies [3], 3) enhanced radiation sensitivity and toxicity in prostate cancer cells containing Au NPs [4], 4) brachytherapy implants of radioactive 198Au NPs placed into a prostate gland to deliver the radiopharmaceutical dose directly to the tumor site [5]
A later work from the same group was devoted to optimization of modeling algorithms for extracting global optical properties of phantoms from radiance measurements [10]. Building on this we have demonstrated a potential for radiancebased tissue coagulation detection [11] and optical property determination [12]; and more recently, radiance-based detection of localized Au NPs inclusions inside Intralipid phantoms [13,14]
Summary
Nanotechnology utilizes nanoscale-size materials that offer new attractive properties and is positioned to revolutionize cancer medicine [1]. The use of gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) in particular, has advanced along four major fronts: 1) interstitial nanoparticle-mediated laser thermal therapy [2], 2) cancer diagnostics via delineation of cancer affected areas with NPs conjugated to monoclonal antibodies [3], 3) enhanced radiation sensitivity and toxicity in prostate cancer cells containing Au NPs [4], 4) brachytherapy implants of radioactive 198Au NPs placed into a prostate gland to deliver the radiopharmaceutical dose directly to the tumor site [5]. Registering Au NPs in the particular region of the tumor prior application would provide the first encounter with the affected area facilitating the following treatment procedure (including optimization of irradiation conditions for thermal therapy). Optical-based techniques use a non-ionizing radiation, and light penetration depth can be optimized based on wavelength dependent tissue optical properties. The ultimate goal of all optical techniques is in developing approaches for extracting the information about local optical properties of turbid media. Our goal was to show that combined spectroscopic and angular snapshots of liquid phantoms and phantoms with inclusions allow obtaining information relevant for prostate cancer diagnostics and treatment
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