Radial, spiral and reverberating waves of spreading depolarization occur in the gyrencephalic brain

Abstract

ObjectivesThe detection of the hemodynamic and propagation patterns of spreading depolarizations (SDs) in the gyrencephalic brain using intrinsic optical signal imaging (IOS). MethodsThe convexity of the brain surface was surgically exposed in fourteen male swine. Within the boundaries of this window, brains were immersed and preconditioned with an elevated K+ concentration (7mmol/l) in the standard Ringer lactate solution for 30–40min. SDs were triggered using 3–5μl of 1mol/l KCl solution. Changes in tissue absorbency or reflection were registered with a CCD camera at a wavelength of 564nm (14nm FWHM), which was mounted 25cm above the exposed cortex. Additional monitoring by electrocorticography and laser-Doppler was used in a subset of animals (n=7) to validate the detection of SD. ResultsOf 198 SDs quantified in all of the experiments, 187 SDs appeared as radial waves that developed semi-planar fronts. The morphology was affected by the surface of the gyri, the sulci and the pial vessels. Other SD patterns such as spirals and reverberating waves, which have not been described before in gyrencephalic brains, were also observed. Diffusion gradients created in the cortex surface (i.e., KCl concentrations), sulci, vessels and SD–SD interactions make the gyrencephalic brain prone to the appearance of irregular SD waves. ConclusionThe gyrencephalic brain is capable of irregular SD propagation patterns. The irregularities of the gyrencephalic brain cortex may promote the presence of re-entrance waves, such as spirals and reverberating waves.