Abstract
AbstractFrom the prevention of natural disasters such as landslide and avalanches, to the enhancement of energy efficiencies in chemical and civil engineering industries, understanding the collective dynamics of granular materials is a fundamental question that are closely related to our daily lives. Using a recently developed multi-static radar system operating at 10 GHz (X-band), we explore the possibility of tracking a projectile moving inside a granular medium, focusing on possible sources of uncertainties in the detection and reconstruction processes. On the one hand, particle tracking with continuous-wave radar provides an extremely high temporal resolution. On the other hand, there are still challenges in obtaining tracer trajectories accurately. We show that some of the challenges can be resolved through a correction of the IQ mismatch in the raw signals obtained. Consequently, the tracer trajectories can be obtained with sub-millimeter spatial resolution. Such an advance can not only shed light on radar particle tracking, but also on a wide range of scenarios where issues relevant to IQ mismatch arise.
Highlights
As large agglomerations of macroscopic particles, granular materials are ubiquitous in nature, industry, and our daily lives [1, 2]
Considering the capability of radar tracking technique, it is intuitive to ask: How small can an object be accurately tracked by a radar system? Can it be as small as a tracer particle with a size comparable to a grain of sand? Recently, we introduced a small-scale continuous-wave (CW) radar system working at X-band to track a spherical object with a size down to 5 mm [10]
Note that the smoothness of the tracer trajectory while impacting on the granular layer demonstrates that the expanded polypropylene (EPP) particles chosen here are transparent to EM waves and there is no influence from. This investigation suggests that advances in radar tracking technology can be helpful in the investigation of granular dynamics
Summary
As large agglomerations of macroscopic particles, granular materials are ubiquitous in nature, industry, and our daily lives [1, 2]. In comparison to other techniques, the continuous trajectory of a tracer particle obtained by the radar system helps in deciphering granular dynamics greatly, owing to the high temporal resolution.
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