Abstract

With social media’s dominating role in the socio-political landscape, several existing and new forms of racism took place on social media. Racism has emerged on social media in different forms, both hidden and open, hidden with the use of memes and open as the racist remarks using fake identities to incite hatred, violence, and social instability. Although often associated with ethnicity, racism is now thriving based on color, origin, language, cultures, and most importantly religion. Social media opinions and remarks provocating racial differences have been regarded as a serious threat to social, political, and cultural stability and have threatened the peace of different countries. Consequently, social media being the leading source of racist opinions dissemination should be monitored and racism remarks should be detected and blocked timely. This study aims at detecting Tweets that contain racist text by performing the sentiment analysis of Tweets. Owing to the superior performance of deep learning, a stacked ensemble deep learning model is assembled by combining gated recurrent unit (GRU), convolutional neural networks (CNN), and recurrent neural networks RNN, called, Gated Convolutional Recurrent- Neural Networks (GCR-NN). GRU is on the top in the GCR-NN model to extract the suitable and prominent features from raw text, CNN extracts important features for RNN to make accurate predictions. Obviously, several experiments are conducted to investigate and analyze the performance of the proposed GCR-NN within the scope of machine learning and deep learning models indicating the superior performance of GCR-NN with increased 0.98 accuracy. The proposed GCR-NN model can detect 97% of the tweets that contain racist comments.

Highlights

  • Social media has become a dominating element in socio-political prospects and controls our minds and actions in different ways

  • Results suggest that support vector machines (SVM) and logistic regression (LR) show better performance even when used with bag of words (BoW) features

  • The improvement in the performance is due to simple BoW features which aid in better training of machine learning models

Read more

Summary

Introduction

Social media has become a dominating element in socio-political prospects and controls our minds and actions in different ways. With the wide use of social media platforms over the world and freedom of speech, several vices have emerged over the past few years, racism being one of the leading ones. Social media sites, such as Twitter, represent a new setting in which racism and related stress are apparently. 22% of United States (US) adults use Twitter [2], while Twitter has 1.3 billion accounts and 336 million active users across the globe, 90% of which has a public profile leading to 500 million tweets per day [3]. In Twitter, the expression of feelings, emotions, attitudes, and opinions build the raw data of sentimental analysis [5]

Objectives
Methods
Results
Conclusion
Full Text
Paper version not known

Talk to us

Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have

Schedule a call

Disclaimer: All third-party content on this website/platform is and will remain the property of their respective owners and is provided on "as is" basis without any warranties, express or implied. Use of third-party content does not indicate any affiliation, sponsorship with or endorsement by them. Any references to third-party content is to identify the corresponding services and shall be considered fair use under The CopyrightLaw.