Racial disparities across multiple stages of the deceased organ donation process

Abstract

Pervasive structural violence causes higher organ failure rates among Black Americans and an excess of Black potential deceased organ donors. Underuse of Black donors would exacerbate organ shortages that disproportionately harm Black transplant candidates. This study investigates racial differences in transit between distinct donation steps among 132 968 potential donors across 557 hospitals and 6 organ procurement organizations (OPOs) from 2015 through 2021. Multilevel multistate modeling with patient covariates and OPO random effects shows adjusted likelihoods (95% confidence interval) of non-Black versus Black patients transitioning from OPO referral to approach of 1.39 (1.35, 1.44), approach to authorization: 1.64 (1.56, 1.72), authorization to procurement: 1.10 (1.04, 1.16), and procurement to transplant: 1.00 (0.95, 1.06). Overall organ utilization rates for Black, Latino, White, and other OPO referrals were 5.89%, 8.18%, 6.79%, and 5.24%, respectively. Adjusting for patient covariates and hospital and OPO random effects, multilevel logistic models estimated that compared with Black patients, Latino, White, and other patients had odds ratios of organ utilization of 1.81 (1.61, 2.03), 3.19 (2.91, 3.50), and 1.24 (1.05, 1.47), respectively. Nationwide in 2022, donor conversion disparities likely lost more than 1700 donors—two-thirds of whom would have been Black. Achieving racial equity for transplant candidates will require reducing racial disparities in organ donation.