Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Acute Coronary Syndrome: A Nationally Representative Sample

Abstract

<h2>Abstract</h2><h3>Background</h3> Disparities in acute coronary syndrome (ACS) outcomes exist between racial and ethnic groups. We aimed to evaluate disparities in resource utilization and inpatient outcomes across multiple ethnic and racial groups using contemporary data. <h3>Methods</h3> We identified hospital discharges for ACS in the United States using the National Inpatient Sample from 2015 to 2018. The <i>International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, Clinical Modification</i> codes were used to identify variables of interest. The primary outcomes were in-hospital complications, length of stay, and total hospital charge. Statistical analysis was performed using STATA version 17. <h3>Results</h3> Our analysis included 1,911,869 ACS discharges. Our sample was made up of 78.6% White, 12.1% Black, and 9.3% Hispanic patients. Hispanic and Black patients presenting with ACS were younger and had more cardiometabolic comorbidities than their White counterparts, especially hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and obesity. Despite social determinants of health being more likely to be unfavorable for Hispanics than their White counterparts, they were more likely to incur higher total hospital charges than their White counterparts. Black patients were the least likely to undergo revascularization procedures. Despite these differences, White patients had higher in-hospital mortality rates than Black and Hispanic patients. <h3>Conclusions</h3> In this nationally representative study, despite having higher cardiometabolic comorbidity burden, lower socioeconomic status, and percutaneous intervention, Black and Hispanic patients experienced lower mortality rates than their White counterparts. Hispanic patients incurred the highest amount of total hospital charges for an ACS admission.