Race and Residence: Intercounty Variation in Black-White Differences in Hospice Use

Abstract

ContextAlthough blacks use hospice at lower rates than whites in the U.S., racial differences in hospice use vary by geographic area. ObjectivesTo describe intercounty variability in black-white differences in hospice use and the association with the supply of health care resources. MethodsSubjects were a retrospective cohort of Medicare beneficiaries in North and South Carolina who died in 2008. Using Wilcoxon tests and logistic regression, we examined the differences in the supply of health care resources (hospital beds and physicians per population age 65 years and older, percentage of generalists, etc.) between counties with and without racial disparity in hospice use. Counties with a racial disparity had significantly (P < 0.05) higher rates of hospice use among whites than blacks. ResultsOf 76,283 decedents in 128 counties, 19.78% were black. In the 39 counties (30.47%) with racial disparity in hospice use, the mean proportion of whites who enrolled in hospice was 41.3% vs. 28.66% of blacks (P < 0.0001). Counties with more hospital beds per population age 65 years and older had a higher odds (OR, 1.39; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.04–1.86) and those with a larger proportion of generalists had a lower odds (OR, 0.01; 95% CI 0.001–0.476) of having a racial disparity in hospice use. ConclusionIn most counties, the rates of hospice use were similar for blacks and whites. In counties with a racial disparity, there were more resources to deliver aggressive care (i.e., hospital beds and specialists). Because of a greater preference for life-sustaining therapies, blacks may be more likely to use acute care services at the end of life when resources for the delivery of these services are readily available.