Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is associated with a propensity for vascular invasion and metastasis, which contribute to poor prognosis. Angiogenesis is a crucial process contributing to tumor growth and metastasis. Recently, Rac has been suggested to play a role in angiogenesis. However, the actual role of Rac in HCC angiogenesis remains unclear. Given that vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is an important angiogenic factor in HCC, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the possible correlation between Rac activation and VEGF expression in HCC tumor samples, as well as the mechanism involved in Rac-induced HCC angiogenesis. We evaluated Rac and VEGF expression in the HCC tissue microarray of paired primary and metastatic HCC samples using immunohistochemical staining. The role of Rac-induced HCC angiogenesis was also evaluated in vitro in HCC cell lines. We first showed that activation of Rac was correlated with HCC metastasis (P<0.001), and its expression was significantly correlated with VEGF expression by tissue microarray. Ectopic Rac-dominant active transfection in Hep3B cells increased VEGF secretion, which induced the morphologic change and proliferation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells, resulting in the promotion of angiogenesis. Rac induced the transcriptional activation of VEGF by direct interaction with hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha (HIF-1alpha) expression. In hypoxic conditions, Rac promoted angiogenesis through an increase in HIF-1alpha stabilization. This study shows that Rac is a novel angiogenic factor for HCC through the enhancement of HIF-1alpha protein stability, which provides a possible therapeutic target in the development of inhibitors of angiogenesis.
Highlights
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is associated with a propensity for vascular invasion and metastasis, which contribute to poor prognosis
This study shows that Rac is a novel angiogenic factor for HCC through the enhancement of hypoxia-inducible factor-1a (HIF-1a) protein stability, which provides a possible therapeutic target in the development of inhibitors of angiogenesis
Because we found that Rac induced vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression by up-regulation of HIF-1a, we hypothesized that Rac played a role in hypoxiainduced angiogenesis in HCC
Summary
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is associated with a propensity for vascular invasion and metastasis, which contribute to poor prognosis. Angiogenesis is a crucial process contributing to tumor growth and metastasis. Rac has been suggested to play a role in angiogenesis. The actual role of Rac in HCC angiogenesis remains unclear. Given that vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is an important angiogenic factor in HCC, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the possible correlationbetween Rac activation andVEGF expressionin HCC tumor samples, as well as the mechanism involved in Rac-induced HCC angiogenesis. Experimental Design: We evaluated Rac and VEGF expression in the HCC tissue microarray of paired primary and metastatic HCC samples using immunohistochemical staining. The role of Rac-induced HCC angiogenesis was evaluated in vitro in HCC cell lines
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