Rabies DNA vaccination of non-human primates: post-exposure studies using gene gun methodology that accelerates induction of neutralizing antibody and enhances neutralizing antibody titers

Abstract

Pre-exposure DNA vaccination protects non-human primates against rabies virus. Post-exposure protection of monkeys against rabies virus by DNA vaccination has not been attempted. Presumably, post-exposure experiments have not been undertaken because neutralizing antibody is usually slow to be induced after DNA vaccination. In this study, we initially attempted to accelerate the induction of neutralizing antibody by varying the route and site of DNA vaccination and booster frequency. Gene gun (GG) vaccinations above axillary and inguinal lymph nodes or in ear pinnae generated higher levels of neutralizing antibody than intradermal (ID) needle vaccinations in the pinnae. Concurrent GG booster vaccinations above axillary and inguinal lymph nodes and in ear pinnae, 3 days after primary vaccination, accelerated detectable neutralizing antibody. GG booster vaccinations also resulted in higher neutralizing antibody levels and increased the durability of this response. Post-exposure vaccination with DNA or the human diploid cell vaccine (HDCV), in combination with an one-time treatment with human rabies immune globulin (HRIG), protected 50 and 75% of the monkeys, respectively, as compared to 75% mortality of the controls. These data will be useful for the refinement, development, and implementation of future pre- and post-exposure rabies DNA vaccination studies.