Abstract
The modern paradigm assumes that interspecies communication of microorganisms occurs through precise regulatory mechanisms. In particular, antagonism between bacteria or bacteria and fungi can be achieved by direct destruction of the targeted cells through the regulated production of antimicrobial metabolites or by controlling their adaptive mechanisms, such as the formation of biofilms. The quorum-quenching phenomenon provides such a countermeasure strategy. This review discusses quorum-sensing suppression by Gram-positive microorganisms, the underlying mechanisms of this process, and its molecular intermediates. The main focus will be on Gram-positive bacteria that have practical applications, such as starter cultures for food fermentation, probiotics, and other microorganisms of biotechnological importance. The possible evolutionary role of quorum-quenching mechanisms during the development of interspecies interactions of bacteria is also considered. In addition, the review provides possible practical applications for these mechanisms, such as the control of pathogens, improving the efficiency of probiotics, and plant protection.
Highlights
Quorum-Sensing and Quorum-Quenching as Mechanisms of Interspecies InteractionsQuorum-sensing (QS) is an intraspecies interaction mechanism characteristic of bacteria and fungi [1]
Disruption of the signaling molecules’ interaction with receptors can be caused by agonists and antagonists. This mechanism is characteristic of cross-quenching of autoinducers when each autoinducing peptide (AIP) activates its related receptor but inhibits the activation of all others by competitive binding to foreign receptors
Rgg-like regulatorsfrom are found in most gram-positive bacteria.pneumonia, In differentbacteremia, species, the Rgg protein can be a regulator of extracellular glucosyltransferase expression (L. lactis), control antibiotic expression (Streptococcus mutans), or control protein secretion (S. pyogenes) [18]
Summary
Quorum-sensing (QS) is an intraspecies interaction mechanism characteristic of bacteria and fungi [1]. Quorum-quenching (QQ), or interruption of QS signaling, is a mechanism of interspecies and even cross-kingdom interactions Bacteria use it as a mechanism of antagonism, while in eukaryotes it is used for protection against pathogens [2]. Disruption of the signaling molecules’ interaction with receptors can be caused by agonists (analogs of signaling molecules competing with them for receptors) and antagonists (receptor blockers) This mechanism is characteristic of cross-quenching of autoinducers (signaling molecules that are produced as a reaction to changes in population density of bacteria) when each autoinducing peptide (AIP) activates its related receptor but inhibits the activation of all others by competitive binding to foreign receptors. The antagonism between probiotic strains and pathogenic microorganisms may be due, in part, to the QQ effect
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