Abstract

Equivalent sand-grain roughness, and the related concept of wall similarity, are essential elements for the prediction of turbulent boundary-layer flows since resolution of rough wall geometry is not in most cases a practical proposition. While the validity of these concepts has been well established for zero-pressure-gradient boundary-layer and channel flows, this is not the case for non-zero-pressure-gradient and non-equilibrium conditions. This raises a number of important questions, some of which are discussed in this paper. We also suggest some possible paths to answering these questions.

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