Questionnaire-based survey to managers of 101 wastewater treatment plants in Greece confirms their potential as plastic marine litter sources

Abstract

Marine pollution by plastics and microplastics (plastic particles 1 nm to 5 mm) is a recognized environmental issue. There are a few studies measuring the concentration of microplastics in the wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) effluent to the sea. Although microplastic concentrations are low in the WWTP effluent, the actual amount of microplastic ending up in the marine environment through WWTPs is quite significant. The present study is an extensive questionnaire-based survey to untrained managers of 101 WWTPs located all over Greece reporting visually-observed plastic items. 94 of the WWTPs have screens with gaps larger than 5 mm. This suggests that microplastics are passing through pretreatment to the main WWTP. In addition, 89 of the WWTP managers observed plastics in different tanks of the WWTPs. Cotton swab sticks are identified as the most common plastic found in WWTPs and the surrounding marine and coastal areas of the effluent pipes.