Abstract
Simple SummaryEpidemiological studies have shown a negative correlation between the consumption of quercetin and the incidence of prostate cancer, and have indicated a chemo preventive effect of quercetin on prostate cancer in animal models. The major issues associated with quercetin are its low bioavailability and rapid metabolism, and priority attention needs to be addressed to cope with these. Chemoresistance is another of the main negative features concerning prostate cancer treatments. The current review highlights the chemotherapeutic effect, chemo preventive effect, and chemoresistance elimination potential of quercetin in prostate cancer. Quercetin nano scale delivery has been proven to overcome the issues mentioned, however, further studies are required on its nanoscale delivery to make it a next generation agent for the complete eradication of prostate cancer.Prostate cancer is the second most leading and prevalent malignancy around the world, following lung cancer. Prostate cancer is characterized by the uncontrolled growth of cells in the prostate gland. Prostate cancer morbidity and mortality have grown drastically, and intensive prostate cancer care is unlikely to produce adequate outcomes. The synthetic drugs for the treatment of prostate cancer in clinical practice face several challenges. Quercetin is a natural flavonoid found in fruits and vegetables. Apart from its beneficial effects, its plays a key role as an anti-cancer agent. Quercetin has shown anticancer potential, both alone and in combination. Therefore, the current study was designed to collect information from the literature regarding its therapeutic significance in the treatment of prostate cancer. Studies performed both in vitro and in vivo have confirmed that quercetin effectively prevents prostate cancer through different underlying mechanisms. Promising findings have also been achieved in clinical trials regarding the pharmacokinetics and human applications of quercetin. In the meantime, epidemiological studies have shown a negative correlation between the consumption of quercetin and the incidence of prostate cancer, and have indicated a chemopreventive effect of quercetin on prostate cancer in animal models. The major issues associated with quercetin are its low bioavailability and rapid metabolism, and these require priority attention. Chemoresistance is another main negative feature concerning prostate cancer treatment. This review highlights the chemotherapeutic effect, chemo preventive effect, and chemoresistance elimination potential of quercetin in prostate cancer. The underlying mechanisms for elimination of prostate cancer and eradication of resistance, either alone or in combination with other agents, are also discussed. In addition, the nanoscale delivery of quercetin is underpinned along with possible directions for future study.
Highlights
Throughout the evolutionary history of the human population, awareness regarding plants to be used as herbal medicine was passed on from generation to generation, starting with learning how to pick sources of food as well as how to alleviate illnesses and disease
A research study on the correlation between quercetin and prostate cancer indicates that quercetin reduces the viability of androgen-independent prostate cancer cells by regulating the expression of system components of insulin-like growth factors (IGF), signal transduction, and inducing apoptosis, which could be very beneficial for the treatment of androgen-independent prostate cancer [127]
Quercetin exhibits an immense potential against prostate cancer following various mechanisms such as apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, and inhibition of metastasis as the main underlying ways of cancer prevention
Summary
Throughout the evolutionary history of the human population, awareness regarding plants to be used as herbal medicine was passed on from generation to generation, starting with learning how to pick sources of food as well as how to alleviate illnesses and disease. Many highly advanced techniques have been attempted to crack this barrier including microemulsions, polymeric nanoparticles, solid lipid nanoparticles, liquid crystal systems, liposomes, and precursor systems for quercetin [12,13] These technologies enable compounds with distinct features to be used within the same formulation, and could even alter the characteristics and activity of a material in biological systems. A less immune specific strategy may be used, involving injecting irradiated tumor cells into the desired subject, inducing an immune response against the tumor-associated antigens on the surface of the tumor cells [31,32,33] Despite this promising technique, recent randomized clinical trials using this method have failed to achieve positive clinical output. Data on the prevalence and results of prostate cancer, together with a greater understanding of the genetic causes and correlative comorbidities, are important in the prevention and treatment of this cancer
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