Abstract
Parapolybia indica is a primitively eusocial paper wasp. It is widely distributed in southern parts of Asia from India through south Asia to northern, cool temperate Japan. This study investigated which females become replacement queens after the loss of the original queens. When the original queens were removed artificially or disappeared naturally, younger females (8.7 days old on average, n = 10) became replacement queens. They had not only younger sisters but also elder sisters. This type of queen replacement coincides with a so-called tropical pattern so far known in tropical-zone paper wasps but not in those from temperate-zones.
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