Abstract
Herein, we examine two sensing schemes for detection and discrimination of chlorinated volatile organic compounds (VOCs). In this work, phosphonium ionic liquids (ILs) were synthesized and vapor sensing properties examined and compared to phosphonium IL-polymer composites. Pure IL sensors were used to develop a QCM-based multisensory array (MSA), while IL-polymer composites were used to develop an MSA and virtual sensor arrays (VSAs). It was found that by employing the composite MSA, five chlorinated VOCs were accurately discriminated at 95.56%, which was an increase in accuracy as compared to pure ILs MSA (84.45%). Data acquired with two out of three VSAs allowed discrimination of chlorinated VOCs with 100% accuracy. These studies have provided greater insight into the benefits of incorporating polymers in coating materials for enhanced discrimination accuracies of QCM-based sensor arrays. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of a QCM-based VSA for discrimination of closely related chlorinated VOCs.
Highlights
Many volatile organic compounds (VOCs) cause detrimental health and environmental effects after both acute and chronic exposure, which has led to an increase in development of new techniques for detection of these compounds [1,2,3]
The second principal component, which accounted for 18.4% of the variability, represented a comparison between the predicative quadratic DA (QDA) model will result in VOCs being misclassified as chloropropane or
It was found that pure ionic liquids (ILs) and composite materials were not useful for vapor detection of chlorinated VOCs at low flow ratios (0.05 and 0.1)
Summary
Many volatile organic compounds (VOCs) cause detrimental health and environmental effects after both acute and chronic exposure, which has led to an increase in development of new techniques for detection of these compounds [1,2,3]. The QCM is a sensitive and rapid responding transducer with a large selection of sensing materials, which makes it ideal for fabricating sensor arrays In this regard, ILs have proven to be good sensing materials due to their tunable properties and ability to be used for detection of a wide range of VOCs [11,12,13]. In order to investigate the vapor sensing properties of each IL and IL-PDMS composite, thin films of each were deposited on the surface of QCRs via electrospray deposition and subsequently exposed to a set of five chlorinated VOCs. Each set of sensors (pure IL and composites) exhibited cross reactive patterns and were determined to be suitable for MSA fabrication.
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