Quantum Optics Effects in Quasi-One-Dimensional and Two-Dimensional Carbon Materials

Abstract

It is argued that the two-dimensional (2D)–one-dimensional (1D) transition (quantum size effect) in all physical properties of carbon nanotubes takes place with a decrease in their diameter. It has been established that the π-electronic subsystem is inactive in optical spectra of quasi-1D carbon zigzag-shaped nanotubes (CZSNTs), produced by means of high energy ion implantation, that leads to vanishing in Raman spectra of longitudinal and transverse optical phonon G+ and G–modes and the out-of-plane radial breathing mode, observed in 2D single-walled nanotubes. The Su–Schriffer–Heeger (SSH) model of organic conductors was developed and used to establish the nature of optically active centers in quasi-1D CZSNTs. They are SSH σ-polarons. Raman spectra in quasi-1D CZSNTs, which were produced by high energy ion implantation of diamond single crystals, are characterized by the only localized vibronic mode of the antiferroelectrically ordered lattice, formed by SSH σ-polarons. It has been found that Raman spectra are strongly dependent on the laser excitation beam direction, consisting in appearance additionally of antiferroelectric spin wave resonance modes and the mode, corresponding to the Fröhlich σ-polaron lattice sliding itself by the excitation beam direction, being opposite to the ion beam direction. A new quantum optics phenomenon—Rabi wave packet formation and propagation in space—has experimentally been identified for the first time in CZSNTs, in carbynoid films, and in graphene. It is a consequence of strong electron–photon coupling, and it leads to the appearance of additional lines, corresponding to Fourier transform of the revival part of the time dependence of integral inversion of coupled qubits.