Abstract
Abstract Quantum-enhanced sensing and metrology pave the way for promising routes to fulfil the present day fundamental and technological demands for integrated chips which surpass the classical functional and measurement limits. The most precise measurements of optical properties such as phase or intensity require quantum optical measurement schemes. These non-classical measurements exploit phenomena such as entanglement and squeezing of optical probe states. They are also subject to lower detection limits as compared to classical photodetection schemes. Biosensing with non-classical light sources of entangled photons or squeezed light holds the key for realizing quantum optical bioscience laboratories which could be integrated on chip. Single-molecule sensing with such non-classical sources of light would be a forerunner to attaining the smallest uncertainty and the highest information per photon number. This demands an integrated non-classical sensing approach which would combine the subtle non-deterministic measurement techniques of quantum optics with the device-level integration capabilities attained through nanophotonics as well as nanoplasmonics. In this back drop, we review the underlining principles in quantum sensing, the quantum optical probes and protocols as well as state-of-the-art building blocks in quantum optical sensing. We further explore the recent developments in quantum photonic/plasmonic sensing and imaging together with the potential of combining them with burgeoning field of coupled cavity integrated optoplasmonic biosensing platforms.
Highlights
Quantum-enhanced sensing and metrology pave the way for promising routes to fulfil the present day fundamental and technological demands for integrated chips which surpass the classical functional and measurement limits
This demands an integrated non-classical sensing approach which would combine the subtle non-deterministic measurement techniques of quantum optics with the device-level integration capabilities attained through nanophotonics as well as nanoplasmonics
We review the underlining principles in quantum sensing, the quantum optical probes and protocols as well as state-of-the-art building
Summary
Biosensing and information processing with non-classical quantum optical devices using entangled photons or squeezed light hold the key for realizing quantum optical bioscience devices which could be integrated and miniaturized to chip level. There has been a keen interest to unravel the role played by quantum mechanics and quantum phenomena operating as decisive mechanisms in simple and complex biological processes (see Box 1) Though these studies, inferences and speculations are debated by and large within the scientific community, they shed light to explore the fundamental mechanisms behind these phenomena and how they could be mimicked to develop novel quantum technologies for sensing and metrology. It requires advances in biophysics to link classical biophysical methods, models and mechanisms to novel, non-classical probing of biophysical activities observed at the levels of single photons and single biomolecular states It will require the application of quantum-optical analysis techniques to light emitted by biomatter and single molecules in particular. We will review the areas of research that we have identified as the most relevant for achieving quantum optical bioscience laboratories on a chip: quantum optics, single molecule techniques, nanophotonics and plasmonics, and quantum mechanics of biomatter
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