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Abstract
Non-classical correlations in optical beams offer an unprecedented opportunity for surpassing the conventional limits of sensitivity and resolution in optical measurements and imaging, especially, but not only, when low photon flux, down to the single photon, is measured. We review the principles of quantum imaging and sensing techniques that exploit sub-Poissonian photon statistics and non-classical photon number correlation, presenting some state-of-the-art achievements in the field. These quantum photonics protocols have the potential to trigger major steps in many applications, such as microscopy and biophotonics, and represent an important opportunity for a new deal in radiometry and photometry.
Highlights
The technological exploitation of quantum states and quantum correlations, aiming to overcome the limits of conventional systems [1], is one of the most, if not the most, active research frontier nowadays
In [173], a noise reduction corresponding to an improvement in position sensitivity of up to 17% was obtained with bi-photon pairs, created with spontaneous parametric down conversion (SPDC) and detected by an electron multiplying CCD cameras (EMCCDs) camera employed as a photon-number-resolving split detector
In the near future it is expected that national metrology institutes will be asked, by industries, standardisation bodies and governments, to contribute to standardisation and certification of quantum photonic technologies [230, 231]
Summary
The technological exploitation of quantum states and quantum correlations, aiming to overcome the limits of conventional systems [1], is one of the most, if not the most, active research frontier nowadays. In several entanglement-related experiments using strongly coupled single-photon emitters it is of the utmost importance to measure their positions with the highest spatial resolution In principle, this limitation is overcome in microscopy by recently developed techniques such as e.g. stimulated emission depletion (STED) and ground state depletion (GSD) [36, 37], leading their inventors to win the Nobel Prize in 2014. For φ = 0 it reaches the lowest value, which is again the SNL Such classical limits in loss and phase estimations that we have found here by assuming a specific and simple detection strategy and Poissonian light, coincide with the ultimate bounds achievable by a coherent state and the most general measurement allowed by quantum mechanics: see [42, 45, 46] for loss estimation and [39, 40, 47] for phase estimation. New insights into the study of the retinal process and response at low light levels are a strong motivation for the development of quantum photometry
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