Abstract

We derive a formula that defines quantum fluctuations of energy in subsystems of a hot relativistic gas. For small subsystem sizes we find substantial increase of fluctuations compared to those known from standard thermodynamic considerations. However, if the size of the subsystem is sufficiently large, we reproduce the result for energy fluctuations in the canonical ensemble. Our results are subsequently used in the context of relativistic heavy-ion collisions to introduce limitations of the concepts such as classical energy density or fluid element. In the straightforward way, our formula can be applied in other fields of physics, wherever one deals with hot and relativistic matter.

Highlights

  • Being the largest scientific instrument ever built, the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) with its discovery potential gave an opportunity to work in the physics of hadronic matter at extreme temperature and density for the large (1377)H

  • We investigate the potential for limitation of the Effective Field Theory (EFT) approach related to unitarity to describe possible contributions of the operators between Higgs and Standard Model (SM) gauge boson at the High-Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) as well as other post-LHC hadron–hadron colliders under consideration

  • The signal including interference with SM. Both background events are generated in MadGraph where the effective Lagrangian of the SM EFT is implemented using FeynRules and UFO framework

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Summary

Introduction

Being the largest scientific instrument ever built, the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) with its discovery potential gave an opportunity to work in the physics of hadronic matter at extreme temperature and density for the large. We investigate the potential for limitation of the EFT approach related to unitarity to describe possible contributions of the operators between Higgs and SM gauge boson at the High-Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) as well as other post-LHC hadron–hadron colliders under consideration These operators are extensively studied via different production mechanisms for hadron colliders [7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29].

Theoretical framework of the effective operators
Signal and background analysis
Sensitivity of the dimension-6 Higgs-gauge boson couplings
Conclusions

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