Abstract
We analyze the general properties of normal metal-superconductor and superconductor-normal metal-superconductor sandwiches with small capacitances. Previous schemes which define an effective action in terms of a few macroscopic variables are extended and applied to these systems. In both cases, charging effects dominate at very low energies, leading to the existence of a Coulomb gap. In addition, there are resistive terms which arise from the excitations in the normal metal. Other features, associated with the existence of two dynamical variables in S-N-S sandwiches, are also discussed.
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