Quantum dots’ size matters for balancing their quantity and quality in label materials to improve lateral flow immunoassay performance for C-reactive protein determination

Abstract

Incorporating quantum dots (QDs) into dendritic mesoporous silica nanoparticles (DMSNs) for signal amplification of label materials represents an efficient strategy to improve the performance of lateral flow immunoassays (LFIAs). In this work, it is found that the CdSe/ZnS QD's size matters for balancing their loading amount and quantum yields (QYs) in the DMSNs-QDs based label materials and ultimately determining the performance of LFIA. The impacts of three CdSe/ZnS QDs with diameters of 9.1, 10.5 and 11.7 nm on CdSe/ZnS QDs incorporation and LFIA applications are studied. The increase of CdSe/ZnS QDs size from 9.1 to 11.7 nm results in a decrease in CdSe/ZnS QDs loading amount and an increase in QYs of incorporated CdSe/ZnS QDs. This trade-off leads to an optimized CdSe/ZnS QDs size of 10.5 nm, which exhibits the best LFIA performance due to the balanced QDs loading (2.26 g g−1) and QY (57.1%). The 10.5 nm CdSe/ZnS QDs incorporated DMSNs-QDs for C-reactive protein (CRP) detection achieved a limit of detection of 5 pg mL−1 (equivalent to 4.2 × 10−14 M) with naked eye, which is lower than literature reports and commercial LFIA products. This study demonstrates that the CdSe/ZnS QD's size matters for improving the quality of DMSNs-QDs and their LFIA performance for CRP determination, providing new insights into the rational design of advanced label materials for improving LFIA performance.