Abstract
We have used x-ray fluorescence elemental analysis to analyze a collection of 170 kidney stones, 89 dental calculi (tartar), and 120 gallstones from patients in the Omsk region. According to the experimental results, we observed 36 elements in the kidney stones, 14 elements in the tartar, and 13 elements in the gallstones. We used inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy to establish the elemental composition of saliva and bile samples. Comparison of the compositions of the saliva and tartar and also comparison of the compositions of the bile and gallstones showed that biological fluids (saliva and bile) are the likely source of trace elements for pathogenic mineralizations.
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