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Abstract
With the advent of large-scale application of hydrogen, transportation becomes crucial. Reusing the existing natural gas transmission system could serve as catalyst for the future hydrogen economy. However, a risk analysis of hydrogen transmission in existing pipelines is essential for the deployment of the new energy carrier. This paper focuses on the individual risk (IR) associated with a hazardous hydrogen jet fire and compares it with the natural gas case. The risk analysis adopts a detailed flame model and state of the art computational software, to provide an enhanced physical description of flame characteristics.This analysis concludes that hydrogen jet fires yield lower lethality levels, that decrease faster with distance than natural gas jet fires. Consequently, for large pipelines, hydrogen transmission is accompanied by significant lower IR. Howbeit, ignition effects increasingly dominate the IR for decreasing pipeline diameters and cause hydrogen transmission to yield increased IR in the vicinity of the pipeline when compared to natural gas.
Highlights
Hydrogen is considered one of the key factors in the impending required changes in the energy system transition
This paper presents the individual risk (IR) associated with a hazardous hydrogen jet fire, cumulated for multiple failure events along the pipeline and various wind scenarios
The results indicate that hydrogen releases are associated with lower lethality levels, that decreases much faster with distance compared to those of natural gas releases
Summary
Hydrogen is considered one of the key factors in the impending required changes in the energy system transition. To obtain a better view of the practical risks involved for hydrogen jet fires, the IR is calculated for multiple failure events along the pipeline cumulated for various wind scenarios and compared to the natural gas case. Hydrogen jet fires have lower view factors compared to natural gas, since hydrogen releases are accompanied with smaller flame dimensions with lower tilt angels. The difference between the lethality levels increases with distance since the lethality of hydrogen releases decreases much faster with distance than it does for natural gas This phenomenon explains hydrogen’s reduced lethality at short distances since discrete failure events further away from the risk transect have less effect on a person. It is calculated to be lower from approximately 90 m for a 16" pipeline compared to the natural gas case
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