Quantitative MRI Reveals Microstructural Changes in the Upper Leg Muscles After Running a Marathon.

Abstract

BackgroundThe majority of sports‐related injuries involve skeletal muscle. Unlike acute trauma, which is often caused by a single traumatic event leading to acute symptoms, exercise‐induced microtrauma may remain subclinical and difficult to detect. Therefore, novel methods to detect and localize subclinical exercise‐induced muscle microtrauma are desirable.PurposeTo assess acute and delayed microstructural changes in upper leg muscles with multiparametric quantitative MRI after running a marathon.Study TypeLongitudinal; 1‐week prior, 24–48 hours postmarathon and 2‐week follow‐upPopulationEleven men participants (age: 47–68 years).Field Strength/SequenceSpin‐echo echo planar imaging (SE‐EPI) with diffusion weighting, multispin echo, Dixon, and fat‐suppressed turbo spin‐echo (TSE) sequences at 3T. MR datasets and creatine kinase (CK) concentrations were obtained at three timepoints.AssessmentDiffusion parameters, perfusion fractions, and quantitative (q)T2 values were determined for hamstring and quadriceps muscles, TSE images were scored for acute injury. The vastus medialis and biceps femoris long head muscles were divided and analyzed in five segments to assess local damage.Statistical TestsDifferences between timepoints in MR parameters were assessed with a multilevel linear mixed model and in CK concentrations with a Friedman test. Mean diffusivity (MD) and qT2 for whole muscle and muscle segments were compared using a multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA).ResultsCK concentrations were elevated (1194 U/L [166–3906], P < 0.001) at 24–48 hours postmarathon and returned to premarathon values (323 U/L [56–2216]) at 2‐week follow‐up. Most of the MRI diffusion indices in muscles without acute injury changed at 24–48 hours postmarathon and returned to premarathon values at follow‐up (MD, RD, and λ3; P < 0.006). qT2 values (P = 0.003) and perfusion fractions (P = 0.003) were higher at baseline compared to follow‐up. Local assessments of MD and qT2 revealed more pronounced changes than whole muscle assessment (2–3‐fold; P < 0.01).Data ConclusionMarathon running‐induced microtrauma was detected with MRI in individual whole upper leg muscles and even more pronounced on local segments.Level of Evidence2Technical Efficacy Stage3 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2020;52:407–417.