Abstract
In oral health, the interdental spaces are a real ecological niche for which the body has few or no alternative defenses and where the traditional daily methods for control by disrupting biofilm are not adequate. The interdental spaces are the source of many hypotheses regarding their potential associations with and/or causes of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, degenerative disease, and depression. This PCR study is the first to describe the interdental microbiota in healthy adults aged 18–35 years-old with reference to the Socransky complexes. The complexes tended to reflect microbial succession events in developing dental biofilms. Early colonizers included members of the yellow, green, and purple complexes. The orange complex bacteria generally appear after the early colonizers and include many putative periodontal pathogens, such as Fusobacterium nucleatum. The red complex (Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, and Treponema denticola) was considered the climax community and is on the list of putative periodontal pathogens. The 19 major periodontal pathogens tested were expressed at various levels. F. nucleatum was the most abundant species, and the least abundant were Actinomyces viscosus, P. gingivalis, and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. The genome counts for Eikenella corrodens, Campylobacter concisus, Campylobacter rectus, T. denticola, and Tannerella forsythensis increased significantly with subject age. The study highlights the observation that bacteria from the yellow complex (Streptococcus spp., S. mitis), the green complex (E. corrodens, Campylobacter gracilis, Capnocytophaga ochracea, Capnocytophaga sputigena, A. actinomycetemcomitans), the purple complex (Veillonella parvula, Actinomyces odontolyticus) and the blue complex (A. viscosus) are correlated. Concerning the orange complex, F. nucleatum is the most abundant species in interdental biofilm. The red complex, which is recognized as the most important pathogen in adult periodontal disease, represents 8.08% of the 19 bacteria analyzed. P. gingivalis was detected in 19% of healthy subjects and represents 0.02% of the interdental biofilm. T. forsythensis and T. denticola (0.02 and 0.04% of the interdental biofilm) were detected in 93 and 49% of healthy subjects, respectively. The effective presence of periodontal pathogens is a strong indicator of the need to develop new methods for disrupting interdental biofilm in daily oral hygiene.
Highlights
Of all of the parts of the human body, the interdental (ID) space is a unique place, a real ecological niche, for which the body has few or no alternative defenses and where the traditional daily methods for control by disrupting biofilm are not adequate
The clinical inclusion criteria for each premolar-molar interdental site were: (i) accessibility of the interdental space for the four sites (15–16, 25–26, 35–36, and 45–46) by the interdental brush in each subject; (ii) no interproximal caries or dental or prosthetic restorations; (iii) no interdental diastema; (iv) no clinical signs of inflammation, such as redness, swelling, or bleeding on probing (BOP) after 30 s; (v) no pocket depth (PD) > 3 mm or clinical attachment loss (CAL) > 3 mm; and (iv) the subjects were judged to be free of gingivitis or periodontitis
The clinical periodontal conditions of the subjects are indicated by the mean values of BOP (0.16 ± 0.08), PD (0.95 ± 0.21), and CAL (0.95 ± 0.21)
Summary
Of all of the parts of the human body, the interdental (ID) space is a unique place, a real ecological niche, for which the body has few or no alternative defenses and where the traditional daily methods for control by disrupting biofilm are not adequate This niche is the source of many hypotheses of its potential associations with and/or causes of cardiovascular disease (Teles and Wang, 2011; Desvarieux et al, 2013; Li et al, 2014; Boillot et al, 2015; Chistiakov et al, 2016), diabetes (Gomes-Filho et al, 2015), chronic kidney disease (Chambrone et al, 2013), obesity (Suresh and Mahendra, 2014), degenerative diseases (Jimenez et al, 2009), depression (Hsu et al, 2015), and premature labor (Corbella et al, 2015; Vanterpool et al, 2016). This space favors the development of periodontal diseases in adults because the access required to disrupt the biofilm by toothbrushing and saliva is restricted (Dentino et al, 2013)
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