Quantitative Measurement of the Erythrocyte Sedimentation Based on Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy With Modified HANAI Theory and the Multi-Frequency Parameter X c

Abstract

Conventional erythrocyte sedimentation measurements are time consuming, and still having difficulties to obtain intermediate status. In this study, the modified HANAI theory and multi-frequency parameters are proposed to quantitatively monitor the erythrocyte sedimentation based on electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Different with previous studies, the multi-frequency parameter and T-shape container are utilized and analyzed. Results exhibit that the impedance of blood is greatly influenced by erythrocyte sedimentation, and the EIS measurement for erythrocyte sedimentation with the T-shape type container is a good linear relationship of the multi-frequency parameter reactance <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${X}_{c}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> and the sedimentation ratio <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${R}_{se}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> compared with the parallel-shape type container. The linear relationship could be expressed as <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${X}_{c}=-0.110{R}_{se}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> –1.347 with a correlation coefficient of <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${R}^{2}=0.963$ </tex-math></inline-formula> . Additionally, the top point reactance <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${X}_{c}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> is found to keep a great linear relationship with plasma height <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${h}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> in standard Westergren tube as <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${X}_{c}=-0.646\text{h}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> –1.996 with an excellent <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${R}^{2}=0.967$ </tex-math></inline-formula> . FEM and modified HANAI calculations suggest that, the hematocrit (HCT) is responsible for the linear relationship. This study adopts a new structure detection method for the real-time monitoring of erythrocyte sedimentation with smaller sample volume, less manual manipulations and automation, which has certain scientific research and application value.