Abstract
The aggregation of red blood cells (RBCs) in normal blood (non-coagulation) has been quantitatively measured by blood pulsatile flow based on multiple-frequency electrical impedance spectroscopy. The relaxation frequencies fc under static and flowing conditions of blood pulsatile flow are utilized to evaluate the RBC aggregation quantitatively with the consideration of blood flow factors (RBC orientation, deformation, thickness of electrical double layer (EDL)). Both porcine blood and bovine blood are investigated in experiments, for the reason that porcine blood easily forms RBC aggregates, while bovine blood does not. The results show that the relaxation frequencies fc of porcine blood and bovine blood present opposite performance, which indicates that the proposed relaxation frequency fc is efficient to measure RBCs aggregation. Furthermore, the modified Hanai equation is proposed to quantitatively calculate the influence of RBCs aggregation on relaxation frequency fc. The study confirms the feasibility of a high speed, on-line RBC aggregation sensing method in extracorporeal circulation systems.
Highlights
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) have been reported to account for 31% of the total mortality all over the world, according to the World Health Organization (WHO) [1]
Among the biophysical properties of blood, red blood cells (RBCs) aggregation is the major cause of the non-Newton flow properties of whole blood, and it has been popularly utilized to diagnose the inflammatory diseases in clinic, since the level of aggregation rises enormously in association with diabetes [18], sepsis [19], myocardial ischaemia [20] and so on
In order to quantitatively investigate the influence of RBC aggregation based on relaxation frequency f c, and explain the relaxation frequency difference between porcine blood and bovine blood, the traditional Hanai equation for the electrical impedance calculation of inheterogeneous systems of dense colloids is modified from the view point of blood flow factors (RBC orientation, deformation, EDL thickness) and RBC aggregation
Summary
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) have been reported to account for 31% of the total mortality all over the world, according to the World Health Organization (WHO) [1]. The biophysical properties of blood, such as the viscosity [3,4,5], hematocrit [6,7], RBC deformability [8,9], erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) [10,11], RBC aggregation [12,13,14] and other factors [15,16,17], are widely tested to diagnose the pathological or physiological disorders of CVDs. Among the biophysical properties of blood, RBC aggregation is the major cause of the non-Newton flow properties of whole blood, and it has been popularly utilized to diagnose the inflammatory diseases in clinic, since the level of aggregation rises enormously in association with diabetes [18], sepsis [19], myocardial ischaemia [20] and so on. Compared with other methods for RBs aggregation measurement, the electrical impedance spectroscopy method is much more suitable for the non-invasive measurements, as the electrical signal penetrates blood and tissues with quite fast frequencies, especially for the “point of care” devices. Some researchers have investigated the relationship between the electrical impedance/conductivity and RBC aggregation based on single-frequency electrical impedance
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