Abstract
Headwaters suffer from reduced leaf and wood inputs and retention capacity from historical land actions like watershed logging and agriculture. When in-stream wood is reduced, stream retention capacity declines and subsequent changes in streamwater flow-paths and patterns of deposition alter decomposition and primary production that influence secondary invertebrate production via modified habitat and resources. Wood additions are commonly used as stream restoration tools for habitat improvements that can restore or strengthen food web connections; however, changes in carbon (C) flow through food webs are rarely measured because of time and expense. We quantified allochthonous and autochthonous C flow through aquatic macroinvertebrate communities one year before and two years after an experimental addition of large wood, compared to macroinvertebrates in an upstream control, in a temperate headwater stream. We predicted wood additions increase macroinvertebrate consumption and assimilation of allochthonous and autochthonous C through retention of leaves and altered flow-paths that expose more gravel and cobble for periphyton colonization. Macroinvertebrate allochthonous C assimilation tended to increase in years with greater organic matter retention and autochthonous C increased with more exposed gravel and cobble across seasons and between reaches. While the effect of wood addition on C flow through the macroinvertebrate community was minimal, it increased by ~20% relative to the control from an increase in production and C assimilation of common mayfly and caddisfly scrapers, Baetis and Glossossoma. Because the amount of organic matter retained and coarse substrate exposed corresponded with C form and amount consumed, restoration of large wood has the potential to increase organic matter C trophic transfer.
Highlights
Freshwater ecosystems cover only a small fraction of Earth’s surface but receive at least 1.9 Pg carbon yr−1 from terrestrial ecosystems
For FBOM, subsamples were filtered onto glass fiber filters (GF/F), dried at 60◦C, weighed, combusted at 550◦C, and reweighed for ash-free dry mass (AFDM)
The pattern remained after wood addition, and there was no difference in community-level δ13C between the treatment and control reach in Y1 (F3,12 = 0.42, P = 0.74) or Y2 (F3,12 = 0.23, P = 0.87) (Table 1)
Summary
Freshwater ecosystems cover only a small fraction of Earth’s surface but receive at least 1.9 Pg carbon yr−1 from terrestrial ecosystems. At least 50% of these carbon (C) inputs are stored in or emitted from freshwaters (Cole et al, 2007). Changes in riparian detrital quality and quantity dictate aquatic biological community structure, organismal growth, and organismal lifecycle completion rates, described as organismal performance (Wallace et al, 1997b). This community performance governs aquatic ecosystem functions like secondary production and decomposition (Webster et al, 1997). In-stream secondary production and decomposition govern the capacity of small streams to transfer and transport C that subsidizes downstream and riparian communities
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