Abstract
The use of a voltammetric electronic tongue for the quantitative analysis of quality parameters in spring water is proposed here. The electronic voltammetric tongue consisted of a set of four noble electrodes (iridium, rhodium, platinum, and gold) housed inside a stainless steel cylinder. These noble metals have a high durability and are not demanding for maintenance, features required for the development of future automated equipment. A pulse voltammetry study was conducted in 83 spring water samples to determine concentrations of nitrate (range: 6.9–115 mg/L), sulfate (32–472 mg/L), fluoride (0.08–0.26 mg/L), chloride (17–190 mg/L), and sodium (11–94 mg/L) as well as pH (7.3–7.8). These parameters were also determined by routine analytical methods in spring water samples. A partial least squares (PLS) analysis was run to obtain a model to predict these parameter. Orthogonal signal correction (OSC) was applied in the preprocessing step. Calibration (67%) and validation (33%) sets were selected randomly. The electronic tongue showed good predictive power to determine the concentrations of nitrate, sulfate, chloride, and sodium as well as pH and displayed a lower R2 and slope in the validation set for fluoride. Nitrate and fluoride concentrations were estimated with errors lower than 15%, whereas chloride, sulfate, and sodium concentrations as well as pH were estimated with errors below 10%.
Highlights
The quality control of natural spring water is of interest and is a priority action of government authorities
We have recently reported the use of a voltammetric e-tongue able to quantitatively detect several water quality parameters such as ammonia, nitrates, phosphate, chemical oxygen demand and conductivity in real waste water samples [8,18]
According to the established norm and the expected ranges, nitrate, sulfate, fluoride and chloride concentrations were determined by ionic chromatography, whereas sodium content was determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy. pH was determined with a standard pH-meter
Summary
The quality control of natural spring water is of interest and is a priority action of government authorities. Raw water plays an essential role for drinking purposes and for other sanitary uses and industrial processes [1]. With these aims in mind, national and international regulations have been. Sensors 2018, 18, 40 developed to control the quality of drinking water [2]. Drinking water is usually obtained from ground water, rivers, or reservoirs. Afterwards, the water is processed for human consumption and other purposes in treatment plants. It is usually assumed that water from natural sources such as springs and rivers has a constant composition
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a callDisclaimer: All third-party content on this website/platform is and will remain the property of their respective owners and is provided on "as is" basis without any warranties, express or implied. Use of third-party content does not indicate any affiliation, sponsorship with or endorsement by them. Any references to third-party content is to identify the corresponding services and shall be considered fair use under The CopyrightLaw.
