Quantitative Detection of Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B by Resonant Acoustic Profiling

Abstract

A rapid and sensitive detection of staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) was developed using a novel acoustic sensing technique: Resonant Acoustic Profiling (RAP), which utilizes high-frequency piezoelectric quartz resonators for monitoring biomolecular interactions. An automated four-channel instrument consisting of acoustic sensors covalently conjugated with anti-SEB antibodies was used. As the samples flowed across control and active sensors simultaneously, binding was measured as a change in the resonant frequency. The lower limit of detection (LLOD) for the label free direct format was 25 ng/mL. Detection sensitivity was increased by adding mass sequentially to the captured SEB on the sensor in the form of sandwich antibodies and biotin-avidin-based gold nanoparticles. The LLOD for the mass enhanced formats were 5 and 0.5 ng/mL of SEB, respectively. The lowest sensitivity corresponds to 1.3 fM in a 75 microL sample. The total assay time including the enhancement steps was less than 10 min. SEB was detected in both neat urine and PBS buffer-spiked samples, with linear correlations between resonant frequency signals and SEB concentrations (R(2) of 0.999 and 0.998, respectively). No significant cross-reactivity was observed with homologue toxins SEA, SED, and TSST, but some cross-reactivity was observed with the closely related toxin SEC(1) when we used a polyclonal antibody in the assay. SEC(1) cross-reactivity was not observed when a SEB-specific monoclonal antibody was employed in the assay. Thus the specificity of the assay presented here was dependent on the quality of the antibodies used. In addition to detection, we evaluated RAP's ability to measure the toxin in unknown samples rapidly by measuring the initial binding rate of the interaction, thereby further shortening the assay time to 6 min.