Abstract
The properties of duplex stainless steels (DSSs) depend on the ferrite–austenite ratio, on the content of secondary phases and on the contamination with non-metallic inclusions. To assess the quality of DSSs, it is necessary to use an integrated approach which includes controlling for the volume fraction, the morphology and the distribution of all phases and non-metallic inclusions. Samples of several grades of DSSs were obtained using various heat treatments, such as solution annealing and quenching from 1050 to 1250 °C to obtain different amounts of ferrite and to provoke annealing at 850 °C to precipitate σ-phase. As a result, a metallographic technique of phase analysis in DSSs based on selective etching and subsequent structure parameters estimation according to ASTM E1245 was developed. We demonstrated that the developed method of quantitative analysis based on selective etching and metallographic analysis according to ASTM E1245 allows us to obtaining much more accurate results, compared to the point count method described in ASTM E562 and to the XRD method.
Highlights
The oil and gas and chemical process industries have been experiencing an acute shortage of advanced materials capable of providing reliable and long-lasting solutions [1,2]
The use of traditional materials leads to failures and breakdowns of expensive equipment
Properties of duplex stainless steels depend on the ferrite-austenite ratio, on the content of secondary phases and on contamination with non-metallic inclusions [4,5]
Summary
The oil and gas and chemical process industries have been experiencing an acute shortage of advanced materials capable of providing reliable and long-lasting solutions [1,2]. The introduction of advanced duplex stainless steels (DSSs) of various grades—depending on the purpose of the steel—can solve this problem [3]. Properties of duplex stainless steels depend on the ferrite-austenite ratio, on the content of secondary phases and on contamination with non-metallic inclusions [4,5]. It is difficult to obtain metal of the required quality using traditional methods of melting and casting. One of the high-quality steels production methods—the process of electroslag remelting (ESR) after induction melting—provides refining of the remelted metal, which results in a low content of detrimental impurities, but at the same time is quite expensive. When choosing the optimal technology, induction melting is a more effective method which allows us to obtain a homogeneous metal with a low content of non-metallic inclusions at a lower cost
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