Abstract
Transient injection phases have been identified as a prominent source of inefficiencies and exhaust gas constituents detrimental to both public health and the environment. The rapid reduction of in-nozzle flow rate at the end of diesel injection events inhibits spray atomisation and releases large slow-moving liquid structures into the cylinder. This uncontrolled release of fuel results in wetting of the nozzle surface through rogue droplets diverting back towards the nozzle. The resulting films create fuel-rich regions that may later get drawn into the exhaust, contributing to engine-out emissions. They also present an ideal environment for reactions with combustion products and adherence of deposit precursors. Despite recent experimental advances there is a lack of quantitative data relating the operating conditions to the quantity of fuel deposited on nozzle orifices.To improve our understanding of the underlying near-nozzle and surface-bound processes, we applied high-speed optical microscopy under conditions relevant to passenger vehicles. Image processing techniques were used to quantify the deposition of fuel films and their spreading with time. A single component fuel (n-dodecane) was injected using an injector instrumented with a thermocouple to measure the sub-surface nozzle tip temperature. Injection duration, timing and pressure were varied to reveal their influence on the deposition and overspill of fuel onto the nozzle.We conclude by presenting an analysis of the film behaviour as function of injection pressure, in-cylinder pressure and bulk gas temperature. Relative to the conditions investigated, spray wetting was more pronounced at the reduced load conditions.
Highlights
The climate crisis is compounded by the imminent depletion of fossil fuel supplies, forcing governments to invoke successions of increasingly stringent vehicle emission regulations [1]
By using a valve covered orifice (VCO) type nozzle and disregarding the orifice connecting cavity of a sac type nozzle, the possible overspill inducing processes were limited to three potential mechanisms (Fig. 1)
We present our development of a quantitative method to measure both the coverage area of surface-bound fuel on the nozzle tip after End Of Injection (EOI) and the spreading rate, thereby elucidating the underlying mechanism of the initial fuel spreading
Summary
The climate crisis is compounded by the imminent depletion of fossil fuel supplies, forcing governments to invoke successions of increasingly stringent vehicle emission regulations [1]. It is well understood that the primary sources of inefficiencies and hazardous exhaust gas constitu ents, reside in the combustion dynamics and preceding air-fuel mixing processes [2,3]. The properties of the fuel sprays, i.e. the shape of the jet, entrainment of hot gasses and breakup of the individual liquid struc tures, governs the vapour region encompassing the jets [4,5]. The vaporised fuel is broken down releasing its energy whilst governing the production of soot [5,6]. The presence of localised fuel rich regions, in addition to overly lean zones, inhibits vaporisation and the subsequent reactions [7]. Incomplete combustion products have the capacity to get drawn into the exhaust, potentially passing through the aftertreatment system and directly contributing towards Unburnt Hydrocarbon (UHC) emissions [8]
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