Abstract
The procedures to be performed after sudden engine failure of a single-engine helicopter impose high workload on pilots. The maneuver to regain aircraft control and safe landing is called autorotation. The safety limits to conduct this maneuver are based on the aircraft height versus speed diagram, which is also known as "Dead Man’s Curve”. Flight-test pilots often use subjective methods to assess the difficulty to conduct maneuvers in the vicinity of this curve. We carried out an extensive flight test campaign to verify the feasibility of establishing quantitative physiological parameters to better assess the workload endured by pilots undergoing those piloting conditions. Eleven pilots were fully instrumented with sensors and had their physiological reactions collected during autorotation maneuvers. Our analyses suggested that physiological measurements (heart rate and electrodermal activity) can be successfully recorded and useful to capture the most effort-demanding effects during the maneuvers. Additionally, the helicopter’s flight controls displacements were also recorded, as well as the pilots’ subjective responses evaluated by the Handling Qualities Rate scale. Our results revealed that the degree of cognitive workload was associated with the helicopter’s flight profile concerning the Height-Speed diagram and that the strain intensity showed a correlation with measurable physiological responses. Recording flight controls displacement and quantifying the pilot's subjective responses show themselves as natural effective candidates to evaluate the intensity of cognitive workload in such maneuvers.
Highlights
The procedures to be performed after sudden engine failure of a single-engine helicopter impose high workload on pilots
The highly experienced test pilots with more proficiency at dealing with autorotation had the best performances at the flight test campaign, achieving the highest success rates and effectively performing all autorotation maneuvers in the line limit (L) and outside (O) points
Analyses of workload data showed that the standard deviation (SD) was greater than one Handling Qualities Rate (HQR) unit when considering all the ratings from all pilots, representing a failure to meet the aeronautical Background Information and User’s Guide (BIUG) requirement[27] requirement in 38% of cases (Table 3)
Summary
The procedures to be performed after sudden engine failure of a single-engine helicopter impose high workload on pilots. Flight-test pilots often use subjective methods to assess the difficulty to conduct maneuvers in the vicinity of this curve. Our analyses suggested that physiological measurements (heart rate and electrodermal activity) can be successfully recorded and useful to capture the most effort-demanding effects during the maneuvers. The helicopter’s flight controls displacements were recorded, as well as the pilots’ subjective responses evaluated by the Handling Qualities Rate scale. Our results revealed that the degree of cognitive workload was associated with the helicopter’s flight profile concerning the Height-Speed diagram and that the strain intensity showed a correlation with measurable physiological responses. Recording flight controls displacement and quantifying the pilot’s subjective responses show themselves as natural effective candidates to evaluate the intensity of cognitive workload in such maneuvers. There are some traditionally used methods to infer cognitive workloads such as the pilots’ subjective ratings, psychophysiological responses, and performance[6,7,8]
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