Abstract
A simple, accurate and reliable high performance liquid chromatography coupled with photodiode array detection (HPLC-DAD) method was developed and then successfully applied for simultaneous quantitative analysis of eight compounds, including chlorogenic acid (1), (R/S)-flavanomarein (2), butin-7-O-β-d-glucopyranoside (3), isookanin (4), taxifolin (5), 5,7,3′,5′-tetrahydroxyflavanone-7-O-β-d-glucopyranoside (6), marein (7) and okanin (8), in 23 batches of snow chrysanthemum of different seed provenance and from various habitats. The results showed total contents of the eight compounds in the samples with seed provenance from Keliyang (Xinjiang, China), are higher than in samples from the other five provenances by 52.47%, 15.53%, 19.78%, 21.17% and 5.06%, respectively, which demonstrated that provenance has a great influence on the constituents in snow chrysanthemum. Meanwhile, an ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization and quadrupole time-of-flight-mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS) was also employed to rapidly separate and identify flavonoids and phenolic acids in snow chrysanthemum from Keliyang. As a result, a total of 30 constituents, including 26 flavonoids and four phenolic acids, were identified or tentatively identified based on the exact mass information, the fragmentation characteristics, and retention times of eight reference standards. This work may provide an efficient approach to comprehensively evaluate the quality of snow chrysanthemum.
Highlights
Coreopsis tinctoria Nutt. (Asteraceae), native to North America, is widely cultivated around the world [1]
Limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) under the present chromatographic conditions were determined on the basis of response and slope of each regression equation at a signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) of 3 and 10, respectively
A high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detection (HPLC-diode array detector (DAD)) method was established and validated in terms of linarity, sensitivity, precision, accuracy and stability, and successfully applied for simultaneous quantitative analysis of eight characteristic compounds in snow chrysanthemum
Summary
Coreopsis tinctoria Nutt. (Asteraceae), native to North America, is widely cultivated around the world [1]. The capitulum of Coreopsis tinctoria is called “snow chrysanthemum” (Xue Ju) or “Kunlun snow chrysanthemum” (Kun Lun Xue Ju) in China [2]. Since the beginning of this century, it has been known that snow chrysanthemum was used by the Uyghur nationality in Xinjiang (China) to prevent cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, such as hypoglycemia, hypolipidemia, and Molecules 2016, 21, 1307; doi:10.3390/molecules21101307 www.mdpi.com/journal/molecules. Modern pharmacological studies have confirmed these above effects, and shown that it has good antioxidant activities [4,5,6]. Phytochemical studies have shown that snow chrysanthemum mainly contains flavonoids, phenolic acids, and terpenoids [7]. Flavanomarein and marein, the predominant flavonoids, were proved to have good hypoglycemic activities [3]
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