Abstract
BackgroundMixed pigment analysis is an important and complex subject in preserving and restoring Chinese paintings since the colors observed by our naked eyes or instruments such as hyperspectral cameras are usually a mixture of several kinds of pigments. The purpose of this study was to explore a more effective method to confirm the type of every pure pigment and their proportion in pigment mixtures on the surface of paintings.MethodsTwo endmember extraction algorithms were adopted to identify the types of pigments and an improved method of ratio spectra derivative spectrophotometry was used to determine their proportion.Main works(1) Extracting the pure pigment components from mixed spectrum by adopting two blind source separation algorithms: Independent Component Analysis and Non-negative Matrix Factorization; (2) matching the separated pure spectrum with the pigment spectral library built in our laboratory to determine the pigment type; and (3) calculating the proportions of mixed pigments using the Ratio Spectra Derivative Spectrophotometry based on Mode, which is improved based on the original algorithm. Finally, a comparison was made with two abundance inversion algorithms: Least Squares Algorithm and Minimum Volume Simplex Analysis. The correlation coefficient and root mean square error were used to provide evidence for accuracy evaluation.Conclusions(1) Non-negative matrix factorization is more suitable for endmember extraction; and (2) Ratio spectra derivative spectrophotometry based on mode is more suitable for abundance inversion.
Highlights
Throughout history, human has created a large number of precious cultural heritages, such as paintings, ceramics, murals, utensils, fabrics, etc., which used a large number of mineral pigments, often accompanied by a mixture of various pigments during use, blending into rich colors.The Chinese painting is one of the important classes of cultural heritages
The smaller the root mean square error (RMSE) is, the closer the distance between the two spectra is, and the smaller the deviation is. In this part, some mixed pigments samples made in laboratory and a Chinese painting created in the Qing Dynasty were used to test the performance of FastICA and negative matrix factorization (NMF) for endmember extraction
The RSDSM was used for abundance inversion on the laboratory mixed pigments samples data
Summary
Throughout history, human has created a large number of precious cultural heritages, such as paintings, ceramics, murals, utensils, fabrics, etc., which used a large number of mineral pigments, often accompanied by a mixture of various pigments during use, blending into rich colors. The Chinese painting is one of the important classes of cultural heritages. The colors observed by our naked eyes or instruments such as hyperspectral cameras are usually a mixture of several kinds of pigments due to pigment usage and painting skills. Mixed pigment analysis is an important and complex subject in preserving and restoring Chinese paintings since the colors observed by our naked eyes or instruments such as hyperspectral cameras are usually a mixture of several kinds of pigments. The purpose of this study was to explore a more effective method to confirm the type of every pure pigment and their proportion in pigment mixtures on the surface of paintings
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