Abstract
Jodeungsan (JDS) is a traditional herbal formula that comprises seven medicinal herbs and is broadly utilized to treat hypertension, dementia, and headache. However, the effects of JDS and its herbal components on neurodegenerative diseases have not been reported. We examined the inhibitory effects of JDS and its seven components on neuronal cell death and inflammation using HT22 hippocampal cells and BV-2 microglia, respectively. Among its seven herbal components, Uncaria sinensis (US), Chrysanthemum morifolium (CM), Zingiber officinale (ZO), Pinellia ternata (PT), Citrus unshiu (CU), and Poria cocos (PC) exhibited significant neuroprotective effects in HT22 cells. In BV-2 cells, JDS significantly suppressed the production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), indicating the antineuroinflammatory activity of JDS. In addition, the herbal extracts from ZO, Panax ginseng (PG), PT, CU, and PC exhibited inhibitory effects on the inflammatory response in microglia. These data imply that the JDS effect on neurodegeneration occurs via coordination among its seven components. To establish a quality control for JDS, a simultaneous analysis using five standard compounds identified hesperidin (37.892 ± 1.228 mg/g) as the most abundant phytochemical of JDS. Further investigation of the combinatorial activities of two or more standard compounds will be necessary to verify their antineurodegenerative regulatory mechanisms.
Highlights
Neurodegenerative disease is a medical condition that is characterized by the progressive loss of neural tissues
We explored the effects of JDS and its seven herbal components on neurodegeneration
To induce neuronal cell damage, HT22 cells were exposed to H2O2 according to the accumulating evidence of H2O2-mediated neuronal cell death and alternation of redox signaling [25,26,27]
Summary
Neurodegenerative disease is a medical condition that is characterized by the progressive loss of neural tissues. Senior populations are increasing in modern society, which leads to the increase in the prevalence of neurodegenerative diseases. These diseases are considered as significant challenges for both preclinical and clinical investigations. Because the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases is complex and neuronal and nonneuronal cells in neurovascular cell units coordinately participate in disease progression [4, 5], a single molecule that targets these conditions is not a suitable approach in new drug development for neurodegenerative diseases. Several articles have suggested the possibility that herbal medicines are useful therapeutic agents for neurodegenerative diseases [8,9,10]
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