Abstract
Diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) is a gastrointestinal disease caused by lipid soluble polyether toxins produced by dinoflagellates and accumulated in shellfish. Diarrhetic shellfish poisoning is a worldwide threat to public health and the shellfish industry. To date, only four lipid soluble polyethers have been known as diarrhetic shellfish toxins. Among them, Okadaic acid (OA), Dinophysistoxin 1 (DTX-1, 35-methyl OA), Dinophysistoxin 2 (DTX-2, OA isomers) and Dinophysistoxin 3 (DTX-3, 7-O-acyl-35-methyl OA), all of which have free carboxilic groups. To perform quantitative analysis of DSP toxins in shellfish samples is a requirement, because DSP toxins are endemic in the Chilean mollusks of the southern regions, and although human symptoms of DSP appear relatively mild in comparison with the Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP), the necessity of monitoring the chronic effects of continued uptake of low doses of DSP toxins more closely is imperative, since DSP toxins have been described as potent tumor promoters. This paper shows the synthesis pathway of a chromophore, 1-pyrenyldiazomethane (PDAM), a fluorescent labeling reagent for determination of carboxilic acids, using High Performance Liquid Chromatography with fluorescence on-line detection. This procedure was developed in order to have a quantitative method for DSP toxins analysis that would be useful for health public services and private shellfish industries. The features of this labeling reagent are compared against ADAM and used for quantitative analysis of DSP toxins in Chilean mussels and cultured dinoflagellates samples.
Highlights
Under certain environmental conditions, marine and freshwater phytoplankton may proliferate, causing massive fish kills, contaminated seafood and altered ecosystems in ways that humans perceive as harmful (White 1988; Anderson 1989; Smayda 1992; Lagos 1998)
Diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) is a gastrointestinal disease caused by lipid soluble polyether toxins produced by dinoflagellates and accumulated in shellfish
To perform quantitative analysis of DSP toxins in shellfish samples is a requirement, because DSP toxins are endemic in the Chilean mollusks of the southern regions, and human symptoms of DSP appear relatively mild in comparison with the Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP), the necessity of monitoring the chronic effects of continued uptake of low doses of DSP toxins more closely is imperative, since DSP toxins have been described as potent tumor promoters
Summary
Marine and freshwater phytoplankton may proliferate, causing massive fish kills, contaminated seafood and altered ecosystems in ways that humans perceive as harmful (White 1988; Anderson 1989; Smayda 1992; Lagos 1998). Because DSP toxins are endemic in the Chilean molluscs of southern regions; second, the mouse bioassay performed in Chile is merely qualitative, so the level of toxins is never known; third, human symptoms of DSP appears relatively mild in comparison with the Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP), it is imperative to monitor the chronic effects of continued uptake of low doses of DSP toxins, as these DSP toxins have been described as potent tumor promoters (Suganuma et al, 1988). PDAM has previously been used as a derivatization reagent for fatty acids and protaglandins (Nimura et al, 1988) This procedure was developed in order to have a quantitative method of DSP toxin analysis that would be useful to the health public services as well as the private shellfish industry and to overcome the uneasy access, high cost, chemical instability and problems of shipping and handling 9-anthryldiazomethane (ADAM), the most commonly used fluorescent chromophore for quantitative analysis of DSP toxins (Lee et al, 1987). The features of this labeling reagent are compared against ADAM and used to detect and make quantitative analysis of DSP toxins in Chilean mussel and cultured dinoflagellate samples
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