Abstract
Comprehensive and contemporary estimates of the number of pregnancies at risk of malaria are not currently available, particularly for endemic areas outside of Africa. We derived global estimates of the number of women who became pregnant in 2007 in areas with Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax transmission. A recently published map of the global limits of P. falciparum transmission and an updated map of the limits of P. vivax transmission were combined with gridded population data and growth rates to estimate total populations at risk of malaria in 2007. Country-specific demographic data from the United Nations on age, sex, and total fertility rates were used to estimate the number of women of child-bearing age and the annual rate of live births. Subregional estimates of the number of induced abortions and country-specific stillbirths rates were obtained from recently published reviews. The number of miscarriages was estimated from the number of live births and corrected for induced abortion rates. The number of clinically recognised pregnancies at risk was then calculated as the sum of the number of live births, induced abortions, spontaneous miscarriages, and stillbirths among the population at risk in 2007. In 2007, 125.2 million pregnancies occurred in areas with P. falciparum and/or P. vivax transmission resulting in 82.6 million live births. This included 77.4, 30.3, 13.1, and 4.3 million pregnancies in the countries falling under the World Health Organization (WHO) regional offices for South-East-Asia (SEARO) and the Western-Pacific (WPRO) combined, Africa (AFRO), Europe and the Eastern Mediterranean (EURO/EMRO), and the Americas (AMRO), respectively. Of 85.3 million pregnancies in areas with P. falciparum transmission, 54.7 million occurred in areas with stable transmission and 30.6 million in areas with unstable transmission (clinical incidence <1 per 10,000 population/year); 92.9 million occurred in areas with P. vivax transmission, 53.0 million of which occurred in areas in which P. falciparum and P. vivax co-exist and 39.9 million in temperate regions with P. vivax transmission only. In 2007, 54.7 million pregnancies occurred in areas with stable P. falciparum malaria and a further 70.5 million in areas with exceptionally low malaria transmission or with P. vivax only. These represent the first contemporary estimates of the global distribution of the number of pregnancies at risk of P. falciparum and P. vivax malaria and provide a first step towards a more informed estimate of the geographical distribution of infection rates and the corresponding disease burden of malaria in pregnancy.
Highlights
Malaria in pregnancy can have devastating consequences to a pregnant woman and the developing fetus, but comprehensive estimates of the annual number of women who become pregnant each year in malaria endemic areas and are at risk of malaria are not available, for Latin America and the Asia-Pacific regions
In 2007, 54.7 million pregnancies occurred in areas with stable P. falciparum malaria and a further 70.5 million in areas with exceptionally low malaria transmission or with P. vivax only
Their estimate of 24.6 million pregnancies at risk of malaria, is based on the number of live born babies delivered in malarious areas of Africa in the year 2000 using a combination of malaria risk maps [3] and estimates of the number of live births from UNICEF [4]
Summary
Malaria in pregnancy can have devastating consequences to a pregnant woman and the developing fetus, but comprehensive estimates of the annual number of women who become pregnant each year in malaria endemic areas and are at risk of malaria are not available, for Latin America and the Asia-Pacific regions. P. vivax is the most widely distributed human malaria parasite and co-occurs with P. falciparum in tropical areas and occurs in temperate regions outside the limits of P. falciparum transmission It is the major cause of malaria in much of Asia and Latin America [6,7], and recent evidence has shown that P. vivax infections are far from benign and can result in significant morbidity in pregnant women with serious consequences for maternal and infant health [8,9,10]. This approach consists of intermittent preventative treatment of pregnant women with antimalarial drugs, the use of insecticide-treated bed nets to protect pregnant women from the bites of infected mosquitoes, and management of malarial illness among pregnant women
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