Abstract
The gloomy message reported by Michael Osterholm and colleagues1 urges for improved monitoring of the efficacy of seasonal influenza vaccines. Their finding that influenza vaccines provide only moderate protection, which is greatly reduced or absent in some seasons, against virologically confirmed influenza, seems odd but could be predicted from rather old results that classify immunity against influenza as the so-called original antigenic sin.2,3 The sin is that antibodies induced after vaccination or natural infection are only directed at the first viral strain encountered either by infection or vaccination.
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