Abstract
Saccharomyces cerevisiae is the main actor of wine fermentation but at present, still little is known about the factors impacting its distribution in the vineyards. In this study, 23 vineyards and 7 cellars were sampled over 2 consecutive years in the Bordeaux and Bergerac regions. The impact of geography and farming system and the relation between grape and vat populations were evaluated using a collection of 1374 S. cerevisiae merlot grape isolates and 289 vat isolates analyzed at 17 microsatellites loci. A very high genetic diversity of S. cerevisiae strains was obtained from grape samples, higher in conventional farming system than in organic one. The geographic appellation and the wine estate significantly impact the S. cerevisiae population structure, whereas the type of farming system has a weak global effect. When comparing cellar and vineyard populations, we evidenced the tight connection between the two compartments, based on the high proportion of grape isolates (25%) related to the commercial starters used in the cellar and on the estimation of bidirectional geneflows between the vineyard and the cellar compartments.
Highlights
Saccharomyces cerevisiae is the main actor of wine fermentation but at present, still little is known about the factors impacting its distribution in the vineyards
No spatial differentiation of the S. cerevisiae population isolated from spontaneous fermentation is
From the organic (n = 13) and conventional (n = 14) wine estates, we collected 193 samples of grapes (134 in 2012 and 59 in 2013) among which 166 (107 in 2012 and 59 in 2013) initiated a fermentation (Table 1; Supplementary Fig. S1). From those for which the production of CO2 indicated that more than the half of the glucose and fructose of the must had been fermented (Supplementary Fig. S1), we collected 3369 colonies including of 1374 S. cerevisiae isolates, and genotyped 1002 individuals (Table 1 and Supplementary Table S2)
Summary
Saccharomyces cerevisiae is the main actor of wine fermentation but at present, still little is known about the factors impacting its distribution in the vineyards. A very high genetic diversity of S. cerevisiae strains was obtained from grape samples, higher in conventional farming system than in organic one. Several parameters that could impact the genetic diversity and population structure of wine S. cerevisiae have been investigated by different authors. oddard[29] have shown that the diversity of regional S. cerevisiae metapopulations from vineyards were undergoing significant changes between distant areas. These authors have shown differential migration of this species between regions that may be due in part to the human influence. No spatial differentiation of the S. cerevisiae population isolated from spontaneous fermentation is
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