Quantifying the Coach-Athlete-Parent (C-A-P) Relationship in Youth Sport: Initial Development of the Positive and Negative Processes in the C-A-P Questionnaire (PNPCAP).

Ausra Lisinskiene,Marc Lochbaum,Emily May,Matt Huml

doi:10.3390/ijerph16214140

Abstract

Youth sport participation is valued worldwide. Coaches, parents, and athlete youth routinely interact. These interactions impact youth sport participation. To date, only a 48-item measure exits assessing the overall perception of the coach–athlete–parent relationship with the same question set for coaches, parents, and athletes. However, this 48-item measure has not undergone quantitative development. Hence, we sought to assess these 48 items and to further develop a valid and reliable instrument measuring the coach–athlete–parent relationship. To do so, two studies were conducted. In Study 1, 308 participants completed the existing 48-item measure, resulting in 15 items that were fit into two dimensions, positive and negative group processes. In Study 2, 678 participants completed the 15-item measure. After examining the analyses, 11 items remained to form the Positive and Negative Processes in the Coach–Athlete–Parent Questionnaire (PNPCAP). In summary, the PNPCAP is a valid brief measure for assessing interpersonal relationships among coach–athlete–parents in both team and individual sport contexts. Future research is needed to continue to develop the scale for construct validity as well as translate the scale into multiple languages to determine validity in across countries.

Highlights

The results of the 23 item C–A–P with initial conceptualized dimension and item number and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) are provided in Tables 2 and 3
Our model fit scores were above the standard of threshold established by Hu and Bentler [24]: comparative fit index (CFI) = 0.964, adjusted goodness-of-fit index (AGFI) = 0.940, root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) = 0.059), meaning our model fit the predicted data, and further analysis on factor loadings is warranted
This questionnaire development process was framed in a previous qualitative work of Lisinskiene et al (2019), where the main categories were found relating to interpersonal relationships of the

Summary

Introduction

Given that sport requires coaches and parents, they are important to study. The increasing academic interest in understanding the nature of coach and parental involvement in youth sport has been highlighted in many studies [1,2,3,4]. Research has illuminated both positive and negative forms of the sport experience from the perspectives of coaches [5,6,7,8]; parents [3,9]; and youth participants [4,10]. Surrounds the potentially conflicting role of all three participants, namely, the athletic triangle

Objectives

Methods

Results

Discussion

Conclusion