Abstract
The uses and limitations of the various techniques of video spatiotemporal mapping based on change in diameter (D-type ST maps), change in longitudinal strain rate (L-type ST maps), change in area strain rate (A-type ST maps), and change in luminous intensity of reflected light (I-maps) are described, along with their use in quantifying motility of the wall of hollow structures of smooth muscle such as the gut. Hence ST-methods for determining the size, speed of propagation and frequency of contraction in the wall of gut compartments of differing geometric configurations are discussed. We also discuss the shortcomings and problems that are inherent in the various methods and the use of techniques to avoid or minimize them. This discussion includes, the inability of D-type ST maps to indicate the site of a contraction that does not reduce the diameter of a gut segment, the manipulation of axis [the line of interest (LOI)] of L-maps to determine the true axis of propagation of a contraction, problems with anterior curvature of gut segments and the use of adjunct image analysis techniques that enhance particular features of the maps.
Highlights
The use of video spatiotemporal maps to define the timing and site of smooth muscle contraction has rapidly increased over the last decade, such that over 1,500 reports have been published since the late 1990s
The use of recently developed area ST mapping techniques can allow the pattern of growth and propagation of fronts or areas of smooth muscle contraction across the surface of large hollow organs such as the bladder to be mapped (Lentle et al, 2015) and the effects of tone to be surveyed (Lentle et al, 2016)
Spatiotemporal mapping can provide a stream of real time data regarding the frequencies, speeds and directions of propagation, amplitudes and durations during progression of a contraction through the walls of a hollow tubular or sacculate structures (Figure 1) that can subsequently be incorporated into computational fluid dynamic models to assess their effect on the mixing and onflow of their contents
Summary
The use of video spatiotemporal maps to define the timing and site of smooth muscle contraction has rapidly increased over the last decade, such that over 1,500 reports have been published since the late 1990s. Spatiotemporal mapping can provide a stream of real time data regarding the frequencies, speeds and directions of propagation, amplitudes and durations during progression of a contraction through the walls of a hollow tubular or sacculate structures (Figure 1) that can subsequently be incorporated into computational fluid dynamic models to assess their effect on the mixing and onflow of their contents (de Loubens et al, 2014). Whilst alternative methods such as water perfused (Di Lorenzo et al, 2002) and fiberoptic (Dinning et al, 2014). For example there is no clear evidence from manometry of the existence of high frequency ripple contractions in the human colon that are similar to those observed in rats and rabbits (Costa et al, 2013a; Chen et al, 2016) despite the presence of a similar pacemaker system in humans (Rae et al, 1998) to those in animals that generates oscillation in myenteric potentials of a higher frequency than those of slow waves
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