Abstract
Positive feedbacks between wildfire emissions and climate are expected to increase in strength in the future; however, fires not only release carbon (C) from terrestrial to atmospheric pools, they also produce pyrogenic C (PyC) which contributes to longer-term C stability. Our objective was to quantify wildfire impacts on total C and PyC stocks in California mixed-conifer forest, and to investigate patterns in C and PyC stocks and changes across gradients of fire severity, using metrics derived from remote sensing and field observations. Our unique study accessed active wildfires to establish and measure plots within days before and after fire, prior to substantial erosion. We measured pre- and post-fire aboveground forest structure and woody fuels to calculate aboveground biomass, C and PyC, and collected forest floor and 0–5 cm mineral soil samples. Immediate tree mortality increased with severity, but overstory C loss was minimal and limited primarily to foliage. Fire released 85% of understory and herbaceous C (comprising <1.0% of total ecosystem C). The greatest C losses occurred from downed wood and forest floor pools (19.3 ± 5.1Mg ha−1 and 25.9 ± 3.2Mg ha−1, respectively). Tree bark and downed wood contributed the greatest PyC gains (1.5 ± 0.3Mg ha−1 and 1.9 ± 0.8Mg ha−1, respectively), and PyC in tree bark showed non-significant positive trends with increasing severity. Overall PyC losses of 1.9 ± 0.3Mg ha−1 and 0.5 ± 0.1Mg ha−1 occurred from forest floor and 0–5 cm mineral soil, with no clear patterns across severity. Fire resulted in a net ecosystem PyC gain (1.0 ± 1.0Mg ha−1) across aboveground and belowground components of these forests, and there were no differences among severity levels. Carbon emissions represented only 21.6% of total forest C; however, extensive conversion of C from live to dead pools will contribute to large downed wood C pools susceptible to release in a subsequent fire, indicating that there may be a delayed relationship between fire severity and C emissions. This research advances understanding of forest C loss and stabilization as PyC in wildfires; however, poor relationships between C and PyC gains or losses and fire severity highlight the complexity of fire impacts on forest C.
Highlights
Wildfires play a major role in controlling forest carbon (C) storage and cycling in fire-suppressed forests in the western United States (US) (Earles et al, 2014), and are expected to increase in frequency and size in future climate conditions (Westerling et al, 2011; Moritz et al, 2012)
When evaluating the distribution of post-fire forest C and pyrogenic C (PyC) materials that are likely susceptible to subsequent fires, we found that 72–93% of total ecosystem C (as determined up to 5 cm Overall (n = 29)
In efforts to quantify the role of fires and PyC in global C cycles it will be important to avoid double accounting issues that may arise if estimates of direct formation during fire are coupled with PyC stock estimates obtained in older fire sites that have already experienced PyC loss via erosion
Summary
Wildfires play a major role in controlling forest carbon (C) storage and cycling in fire-suppressed forests in the western United States (US) (Earles et al, 2014), and are expected to increase in frequency and size in future climate conditions (Westerling et al, 2011; Moritz et al, 2012). Projections of future wildfire area burned in the state of California range from increases of 36–74% by the year 2085, and >100% for forests in northern California (Westerling et al, 2011). These changes are expected to lead to positive feedbacks among climate, fire and fire-mediated C cycling that threaten to exacerbate climate warming (Liu et al, 2014; Barbero et al, 2015; Millar and Stephenson, 2015), which in turn increases drought stress in trees, and, increased fire severity (Van Mantgem et al, 2013)
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